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Gregory/TheDictionaryofHumanGeography 9781405132879_1_FM FinalProof page 3 2.4.2009 6:41pm T H E D I C T I O N A RY O F Human Geography 5thEdition Editedby DerekGregory RonJohnston GeraldinePratt MichaelJ.Watts andSarahWhatmore A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Gregory/TheDictionaryofHumanGeography 9781405132879_6_index FinalProof page 1056 2.4.2009 8:55pm Gregory/TheDictionaryofHumanGeography 9781405132879_1_FM FinalProof page 1 2.4.2009 6:41pm THE DICTIONARY OF Human Geography Gregory/TheDictionaryofHumanGeography 9781405132879_1_FM FinalProof page 2 2.4.2009 6:41pm To thememory of Denis Cosgrove and Leslie Hepple Gregory/TheDictionaryofHumanGeography 9781405132879_1_FM FinalProof page 3 2.4.2009 6:41pm T H E D I C T I O N A RY O F Human Geography 5thEdition Editedby DerekGregory RonJohnston GeraldinePratt MichaelJ.Watts andSarahWhatmore A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Gregory/TheDictionaryofHumanGeography 9781405132879_1_FM FinalProof page 4 2.4.2009 6:41pm This5theditionfirstpublished2009 #2009byBlackwellPublishingLtdexceptforeditorialmaterialandorganization #2009DerekGregory,RonJohnston,GeraldinePratt,MichaelJ.Watts,andSarahWhatmore Editionhistory:BasilBlackwellLtd(1e,1981and2e,1986); BlackwellPublishersLtd(3e,1994and4e,2000) BlackwellPublishingwasacquiredbyJohnWiley&SonsinFebruary2007.Blackwell’spublishingprogram hasbeenmergedwithWiley’sglobalScientific,Technical,andMedicalbusinesstoformWiley-Blackwell. RegisteredOffice JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester, WestSussex,PO198SQ,UnitedKingdom EditorialOffices 350MainStreet,Malden,MA02148-5020,USA 9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservices,andforinformationabouthow toapplyforpermissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookplease seeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. TherightofDerekGregory,RonJohnston,GeraldinePratt,MichaelJ.Watts,andSarah Whatmoretobeidentifiedastheauthoroftheeditorialmaterialinthisworkhasbeen assertedinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor otherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988, withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappears inprintmaynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks. Allbrandnamesandproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksor registeredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproduct orvendormentionedinthisbook.Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritative informationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itissoldontheunderstandingthatthepublisher isnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistance isrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Thedictionaryofhumangeography/editedbyDerekGregory ... [etal.].–5thed. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-4051-3287-9(hardcover:alk.paper)–ISBN978-1-4051-3288-6(pbk.:alk.paper) 1.Humangeography–Dictionaries.I.Gregory,Derek,1951– GF4.D522009 304.203–dc22 2008037335 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Setin9/10ptPlantinbySPiPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinSingapore 1 2009 Gregory/TheDictionaryofHumanGeography 9781405132879_1_FM FinalProof page 5 2.4.2009 6:41pm Contents Preface to the Fifth Edition vi Howto Use This Dictionary x Acknowledgements xi List of Contributors xiii Editorial Advisory Board xvi THE DICTIONARY OF HUMANGEOGRAPHY 1 Bibliography 818 Index 957 v Gregory/TheDictionaryofHumanGeography 9781405132879_1_FM FinalProof page 6 2.4.2009 6:41pm Preface to the Fifth Edition Geographical dictionaries have a long history. A number were published in Europe in the seventeenthandeighteenthcenturies:afew–mostlythosewithgreaterpretensionstoproviding conceptualorder–weredescribedas‘GeographicalGrammars’.Themajoritywerecompendiaof geographicalinformation,orgazetteers,someofwhichweretrulyastonishingintheirscope.For example,LawrenceEchardnotedwithsomeasperityinhis1691CompendiumofGeographythat the geographer was by then more or less required to be ‘an Entomologist, an Astronomer, a Geometrician, a Natural Philosopher, a Husbandman, an Herbalist, a Mechanik, a Physician, a Merchant,anArchitect,aLinguist,aDivine,aPolitician,onethatunderstandsLawsandMilitary Affairs,anHerald[and]anHistorian.’MargaritaBowen,commentingon1981onwhatshetookto be Geography’s isolation from the scientific mainstream in Echard’s time, suggested that ‘the prospectofaddingepistemologyandtheskillsofthephilosopher’tosuchalistmightwellhave precipitateditsCambridgeauthorintotheRiverCam! It was in large measure the addition of those skills to the necessary accomplishments of a humangeographerthatpromptedthefirsteditionofTheDictionaryofHumanGeography.The originalideawasJohnDavey’s,apublisherwithanextraordinarilyrichandcreativesenseofthe field,andhepersuadedRonJohnston,DerekGregory,PeterHaggett,DavidSmithandDavid Stoddarttoeditthefirstedition(1981).IntheirPrefacetheynotedthatthechangesinhuman geographysincetheSecondWorldWarhadgenerateda‘linguisticexplosion’withinthediscip- line.PartoftheDictionary’spurpose–thenasnow–wastoprovidestudentsandotherswitha series of frameworks for situating, understanding and interrogating the modern lexicon. The implicitmodelwassomethingclosertoRaymondWilliams’marvellouscompilationofKeywords thantoany‘GeographicalGrammar’.Certainlytheintentionwasalwaystoprovidesomething morethanacollectionofannotatedreadinglists.Individualentrieswerelocatedwithinawebof cross-references to other entries, which enabled readers to follow their own paths through the Dictionary, sometimes to encounter unexpected parallels and convergences, sometimes to encounter creative tensions and contradictions. But the major entries were intended to be com- prehensibleontheirown,andmanyofthemnotonlyprovidedlucidpresentationsofkeyissues butalsomadepowerfulcontributionstosubsequentdebates. ThissenseofTheDictionaryofHumanGeographyasbothmirrorandgoad,asbothreflecting and provoking work in our field, has been retained in all subsequent editions. The pace of changewithinhumangeographywassuchthatasecondedition(1986)wasproducedonlyfive yearsafterthefirst,incorporatingsignificantrevisionsandadditions.Forthethird(1994)and fourth(2000)editions,yetmoreextensiverevisionsandadditionsweremade.Thisfifthedition, fosteredbyourpublisherJustinVaughan,continuesthatrestlesstradition:ithasbeencompre- hensively redesigned and rewritten and is a vastly different book from the original. The first editionhadover500entrieswrittenbyeighteencontributors;thiseditionhasmorethan1000 entrieswrittenby111contributors.Over300entriesappearforthefirsttime(manyofthemost importantarenotedthroughoutthisPreface),andvirtuallyalltheothershavebeenfullyrevised andreworked.Withthisedition,wehavethusonceagainbeenabletocharttheemergenceof newthemes,approachesandconcernswithinhumangeography,andtoanticipatenewavenues ofenquiryandnewlinkswithotherdisciplines.ThearchitectureoftheDictionaryhasalsobeen changed. We have retained the cross-referencing of headwords within each entry and the detailed Index, which together provide invaluable alternatives to the alphabetical ordering of thetext,butreferencesarenolongerlistedattheendofeachentry.Instead,theynowappearina consolidated Bibliography at the end of the volume. We took this decision partly to avoid duplication and release space for new and extended entries, but also because we believe the Bibliography represents an important intellectual resource in its own right. It has over 4000 entries,includingbooks,articlesandonlinesources. Ourcontributors operatedwithinexactingguidelines,including limits onthelengthofeach entryandthenumber ofreferences,andtheyworkedtoademandingschedule. Thecapstone entryforpreviouseditionswas‘humangeography’,butinthiseditionthatcentralplaceisnow vi Gregory/TheDictionaryofHumanGeography 9781405132879_1_FM FinalProof page 7 2.4.2009 6:41pm PREFACETOTHEFIFTHEDITION takenbyamajorentryon‘geography’,withseparateentrieson‘humangeography’and(forthe firsttime)‘physicalgeography’.Theinclusionofthelatterprovidesavaluableperspectiveonthe multiplewaysinwhichhumangeographyhasbecomeinvolvedininterrogationsofthebiophys- icalworldand–oneofWilliams’smostcomplicatedkeywords–‘nature’.Accordingly,wehave expandedourcoverageofenvironmentalgeographiesandoftermsassociatedwiththecontinued development of actor-network theory and political ecology, and for the first time we have included entries on biogeography, biophilosophy, bioprospecting, bioregionalism, biosecurity, biotechnology, climate, environmental history, environmental racism, environmental security, geneticgeographies,theglobalcommons,oceans,tropicality,urbannature,wetlandsandzoos. Thefirsteditionwasplannedattheheightofthecritiqueofspatialsciencewithingeography, andforthatreasonmostoftheentrieswereconcernedwitheitheranalyticalmethodsandformal spatialmodelsorwithalternativeconceptsandapproachesdrawnfromtheothersocialsciences. Wehavetakennewdevelopmentsinanalyticalmethodsintoaccountinsubsequenteditions,and thisoneisnoexception.Wepayparticularattentiontothecontinuingstreamofinnovationsin GeographicInformationSystemsand,notably,theriseofGeographicInformationScience,and we have also taken notice of the considerable revival of interest in quantitative methods and modelling:hencewehaveincludedforthefirsttimeentriesonagent-basedmodelling,Bayesian analysis, digital cartography, epidemiology, e-social science, geo-informatics and software for quantitative analysis, and we have radically revised our coverage of other analytical methods. Thevital importance of qualitative methods inhumangeographyhasrequiredrenewed atten- tiontoo,includingforthefirsttimeentriesondiscourseanalysisandvisualmethods,together withenhancedentriesondeconstruction,ethnography,iconography,mapreadingandqualita- tive methods. In the previous edition we provided detailed coverage of developments in the social sciences and the humanities, and we have taken this still further in the present edition. Humangeographershavecontinuedtobeassiduousinunpickingtheseamsbetweenthesocial sciencesandthehumanities,andforthefirsttimewehaveincludedentriesonsocialtheory,on the humanities, and on philosophy and literature (complementing revised entries on art, film andmusic),togetherwithcrucialjunction-termssuchasaffect,assemblage,cartographicreason, contrapuntal geographies, dialectical image, emotional geography, minor theory, posthuman- ism,representationandtrust(complementingenhancedentriesonperformance,performativity, non-representationaltheoryandrepresentation).Sincethepreviousedition,theinterestinsome theoreticalformationshasdeclined,andwithitthespacewehaveaccordedtothem;buthuman geographyhascontinueditscloseengagementwithpostcolonialismandpost-structuralism,and thenewedition incorporates these developments. Theyinvolve twocontinuing and, wethink, crucial moments. The first is a keen interest in close and critical reading (surely vital for any dictionary!)and,torepeatwhatweaffirmedintheprefacetothepreviousedition,wearekeenly aware of the slipperiness of our geographical ‘keywords’: of the claims they silently make, the privileges they surreptitiously install, and of the wider webs of meaning and practice within whichtheydotheirwork.Itstillseemstousthathumangeographersaremovingwithconsid- erablecriticalintelligenceinatrans-disciplinary,evenpost-disciplinaryspace,andwehopethat thiseditioncontinuestomapandmovewithinthisintellectualtopographywithunprecedented precision and range. The second implication of postcolonialism and post-structuralism is a heightenedsensitivitytowhatwemightcallthepoliticsofspecificity.Thisdoesnotheraldthe returnoftheidiographicunderanothername,anditcertainlydoesnotentailanyslackeningof interestintheoreticalwork(wehaveinfactincludedanenhancedentryontheory).Butithas involved a renewed interest in and commitment to that most traditional of geographical con- cerns,thevariablecharacteroftheworldinwhichwelive.Inonesense,perhaps,thismakesthe fifth edition more conventionally ‘geographical’ than its predecessors. We have included new entriesontheconceptualformationofmajorgeographicaldivisionsandimaginaries,including the globe and continents (with separate entries on Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australasia and Europe),andonLatinAmerica,theMiddleEast,theglobalSouthandtheWest,andoncognate fields such as area studies and International Relations. But we also asked our contributors to recognize that the world of geographyis not limited tothe global North. In previous editions, contributors frequently commented on the multiple ways in which modern human geography had worked to privilege and, indeed, normalize ‘the modern’, and together they traced a genealogy of geographical knowledge in which the world beyond Europe and North America wasalltoooftenmarginalizedorproducedasaproblematic‘pre-modern’.Forthisedition,we asked contributors to go beyond the critique of these assumptions and, wherever possible, to vii