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The diachronic typology of differential argument marking Edited by Ilja A. Seržant Alena Witzlack-Makarevich language Studies in Diversity Linguistics 19 science press StudiesinDiversityLinguistics Editor:MartinHaspelmath Inthisseries: 1. Handschuh,Corinna.Atypologyofmarked-Slanguages. 2. Rießler,Michael.Adjectiveattribution. 3. Klamer,Marian(ed.).TheAlor-Pantarlanguages:Historyandtypology. 4. Berghäll,Liisa.AgrammarofMauwake(PapuaNewGuinea). 5. Wilbur,Joshua.AgrammarofPiteSaami. 6. Dahl,Östen.GrammaticalizationintheNorth:NounphrasemorphosyntaxinScandinavian vernaculars. 7. Schackow,Diana.AgrammarofYakkha. 8. Liljegren,Henrik.AgrammarofPalula. 9. Shimelman,Aviva.AgrammarofYauyosQuechua. 10. Rudin,Catherine&BryanJamesGordon(eds.).AdvancesinthestudyofSiouanlanguages andlinguistics. 11. Kluge,Angela.AgrammarofPapuanMalay. 12. Kieviet,Paulus.AgrammarofRapaNui. 13. Michaud,Alexis.ToneinYongningNa:Lexicaltonesandmorphotonology. 14. Enfield,N.J(ed.).Dependenciesinlanguage:Onthecausalontologyoflinguisticsystems. 15. Gutman,Ariel.AttributiveconstructionsinNorth-EasternNeo-Aramaic. 16. Bisang,Walter&AndrejMalchukov(eds.).Unityanddiversityingrammaticalization scenarios. 17. Stenzel,Kristine&PatriziaPaggio(eds.).Onthisandotherworlds:VoicesfromAmazonia. 18. Paggio,PatriziaandAlbertGatt(eds.).ThelanguagesofMalta. 19. IljaA.Seržant&AlenaWitzlack-Makarevich(eds.).Thediachronictypologyofdifferential argumentmarking. ISSN:2363-5568 The diachronic typology of differential argument marking Edited by Ilja A. Seržant Alena Witzlack-Makarevich language science press IljaA.Seržant &AlenaWitzlack-Makarevich(eds.).2018.Thediachronictypologyof differentialargumentmarking(StudiesinDiversityLinguistics19).Berlin:Language SciencePress. Thistitlecanbedownloadedat: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/173 ©2018,theauthors PublishedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0Licence(CCBY4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN:978-3-96110-085-9(Digital) 978-3-96110-086-6(Hardcover) ISSN:2363-5568 DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1219168 Sourcecodeavailablefromwww.github.com/langsci/173 Collaborativereading:paperhive.org/documents/remote?type=langsci&id=173 Coverandconceptofdesign:UlrikeHarbort Typesetting:AlenaWitzlack-Makarevich,SebastianNordhoff Proofreading:AhmetBilalÖzdemir,AmrZawawy,AndreasHoelzl,AnnieZaenen, EitanGrossman,EvaSchultze-Berndt,HugoCardoso,IvanSalgado,Liubov Baladzhaeva,JeroenvandeWeijer,MarioBisiada,NatsukoNakagawa,Richard Griscom,RosettaBerger,SandraAuderset,ShannonT.Bischoff,StevenKaye,Tatiana Philippova,WaldfriedPremper Fonts:LinuxLibertine,LibertinusMath,Arimo,DejaVuSansMono Typesettingsoftware:XƎLATEX LanguageSciencePress UnterdenLinden6 10099Berlin,Germany langsci-press.org StorageandcataloguingdonebyFUBerlin Contents Preface iii 1 Differentialargumentmarking:Patternsofvariation AlenaWitzlack-Makarevich&IljaA.Seržant 1 2 DifferentialobjectmarkinginChichewa LauraJ.Downing 41 3 TheevolutionofdifferentialobjectmarkinginAlor-Pantarlanguages MarianKlamer&FrantišekKratochvíl 69 4 SpanishindexingDOM,topicality,andthecasehierarchy ChantalMelis 97 5 FromsuffixtoprefixtointerpositionviaDifferentialObjectMarkingin Egyptian-Coptic EitanGrossman 129 6 VerbalsemanticsanddifferentialobjectmarkinginLycopolitanCoptic ÅkeEngsheden 153 7 Adiachronicperspectiveondifferentialobjectmarkinginpre-modern Japanese:OldJapaneseandEarlyMiddleJapanese BjarkeFrellesvig,StephenHorn&YukoYanagida 183 8 Nominalandverbalparametersinthediachronyofdifferentialobject markinginSpanish MarcoGarcíaGarcía 209 9 EmergenceofoptionalaccusativecasemarkinginKhoelanguages WilliamB.McGregor 243 10 TheriseofdifferentialobjectmarkinginHindiandrelatedlanguages AnnieMontaut 281 Contents 11 ThediachronicdevelopmentofDifferentialObjectMarkinginSpanish ditransitiveconstructions KlausvonHeusinger 315 12 StructuralcaseandobjectiveconjugationinNorthernSamoyedic MelaniWratil 345 13 DifferentialAandSmarkinginSumi(Naga):Synchronicanddiachronic considerations AmosTeo 381 14 DifferentialsubjectmarkinganditsdemiseinthehistoryofJapanese YukoYanagida 401 15 ThepartitiveA:OnusesoftheFinnishpartitivesubjectintransitiveclauses TuomasHuumo 423 16 Somelikeittransitive:RemarksonverbsoflikingandthelikeintheSaami languages SeppoKittilä&JussiYlikoski 455 17 Theemergenceofdifferentialcasemarking SanderLestrade 481 18 Reassessingscaleeffectsondifferentialcasemarking:Methodological, conceptualandtheoreticalissuesinthequestforauniversal KarstenSchmidtke-Bode&NataliaLevshina 509 Indexes 539 ii Preface Most of the 18 papers in this volume were presented at the workshop The Diachronic TypologyofDifferentialArgumentMarking,heldattheUniversityofKonstanz,April5– 6,2014. Thevolumeeditorsthankthosewhosegeneroussupportmadetheconferenceandthis volumepossible:theUniversityofKonstanz,EUFP7MarieCurieZukunftskollegIncom- ingFellowshipProgramme(grant291784),oftheEuropeanResearchCouncil(ERCAd- vanced Grant 670985, Grammatical Universals), Katharina Sommer, Luise Dorenbusch, aswellastheteamofLanguageSciencePress. Specialthanksgotothemanyreviewerswhohelpedustoimprovethepapersinthis volume:SebastianBank,ChrisCollins,BertCornille,AntonioFabregas,GaryHolton,Jo- hannesKabatek,MatthiasMüller,DianeNelson,ThomasPellard,JohnPeterson,Martine Roberts, Jenneke van der Wal, Maria Vilkuna, Beáta Wagner-Nagy, Søren Wichmann, ManualWidmer. Chapter 1 Differential argument marking: Patterns of variation Alena Witzlack-Makarevich UniversityofKiel Ilja A. Seržant LeipzigUniversity In this introductory article we provide an overview of the range of the phenomena that canbereferredtoasdifferentialargumentmarking(DAM).Webeginwithanoverviewof theexistingterminologyandgiveabroaddefinitionoftheDAMtocoverthephenomena discussedinthepresentvolumeandintheliteratureunderthisheading.Wethenconsider various types of the phenomenon which have figured prominently in studies of DAM in various traditions. First, we differentiate between arguments of the same predicate form andargumentsofdifferentpredicateforms.WithinthefirsttypewediscussDAMsystems triggeredbyinherentlexicalargumentpropertiesandtheonestriggeredbynon-inherent, discourse-basedargumentproperties,aswellassomeminortypes.Itisthisfirsttypethat traditionallyconstitutesthecoreofthephenomenonandfallsunderournarrowdefinition ofDAM.ThesecondtypeofDAMisconditionedbythelargersyntacticenvironment,such asclauseproperties(e.g.mainvs.embedded)orpropertiesofthepredicate(e.g.itsTAM characteristics). Then, we also discuss the restrictions that may constrain the occurrence ofDAMcross-linguistically,othertypicalfeaturesofDAMsystemspertainingtothemor- phologicalrealization(symmetricvs.asymmetric)ortothedegreeofoptionalityofDAM. Finally,weprovideabriefoverviewoverfunctionalexplanationsofDAM. 1 Introduction In this introductory article we provide an overview of the range of phenomena that canbereferredtoasdifferentialargumentmarking(DAM).1 Webeginthisintroduction with a survey of the existing terminology (this section). We then proceed to consider individual aspects of the phenomenon which have figured prominently in studies of DAMinvarioustraditions(§2and§3). 1Bothauthorscontributedequallytothewritingofthispaper. AlenaWitzlack-Makarevich& Ilja A. Seržant. Differentialargument marking: Pat- terns of variation. In Ilja A. Seržant & Alena Witzlack-Makarevich (eds.), The di- achronictypologyofdifferentialargumentmarking, 1–40. Berlin: LanguageScience Press. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1228243 AlenaWitzlack-Makarevich&IljaA.Seržant Thetermdifferentialmarking–ortobehistoricallyprecise,differentialobjectmarking (abbreviatedasDOM)–wasfirstusedbyBossong(1982;1985)inhisinvestigationsofthe phenomenoninSardinianandNewIranianlanguages.Somewhatolderthanthisterm isthetermsplit (asinsplitergativity)usedinthelineofresearchfocusingprimarilyon thedifferentialmarkingoftheagentargument.IthasbeeninusesinceSilverstein(1976) andwaspopularizedbyDixon(1979;1994). Recentyearshavebeenmarkedbyagrowinginterestindifferentialmarking,andasa resultnumerousrelatedtermshavebeencoinedtorefertoindividualrolesmarkeddiffer- entiallyandparticularpatternsofdifferentialmarking.Forexample,deHoop&deSwart (2008b)werethefirsttosystematicallydiscussdifferentialsubjectmarking(DSM).Here, thesyntactictermsubjectwasunderstoodratherbroadlyincludingdifferentkindsofless canonical,subject-likearguments.Later,notionscoveringmorespecificargumentroles were introduced: Fauconnier (2011) studies differential agent marking, whereas Haspel- math (2007) and Kittilä (2008) explore differential recipient marking or differentialgoal marking,aswellasdifferentialthememarking.Anothernotionthatissubsumedunder DAM is optional ergative marking (cf. among others McGregor 1992; 1998; 2006; 2010; Meakins2009;Gaby2010).Astheseandotherauthorsshow,inadditiontothesemantic function of encoding agents, ergative case is sometimes also employed to mark focal, unexpectedorcontrastiveagentarguments.Finally,Sinnemäki(2014)–observingthat thetermDOMsometimesimpliesanassumptionastowhichfactorstriggerdifferential marking– introduced theterm restricted case marking (ofthe object) tocoverall cases of differential marking no matter what the respective factors are. Finally, in the tradi- tions of the DAM research in individual language families and languages, many more language-,role-ormarking-specificlabelshavebeenused,forinstance,prepositionalac- cusative inRomancelinguistics(e.g.TorregoSalcedo1999)orbi-absolutiveconstruction intheNakh-Daghestanianlanguages(e.g.Forker2012). The list of terms provided above makes it clear that research on differential mark- ing has focused primarily on arguments. However, differential argument marking can be viewed as a subtype of a larger phenomenon which manifests itself in a complex interactionbetween the meaningand function of aparticular marking pattern, onthe one hand, and some properties of the constituents involved – both arguments and ad- juncts–,ontheother.Forinstance,thePersianmarker-rāisnotonlyusedwithdirect object NPs but can follow nearly all kinds of constituents except for subject NPs: one finds it marking time-adverbial NPs, objects of prepositions, etc. (cf. various examples inDabir-Moghaddam1992;foradifferentexampleseethediscussionofdifferentialtime adverbialmarkinginBalticinSeržant2016:141–154).Besides,casemarkingneedsnotbe fully paradigmatic and different cases/adpositions impose different selectional restric- tionsonthetypeofnominalstheycanmark.Theserestrictionsmaypotentiallycreate paradigmaticgapsanddifferentialmarkingwithbothargumentsandadjuncts.Themain condition for this is the semantic compatibility between the meaning of a particular case/adpositionandthenominal(Comrie1986;Aristar1997;Creissels&Mounole2011). Forexample,Aristar(1997)showsthatlocationalcases/adpositionsareoftenlessorzero markedwithplacenamesbutrequireadedicatedsuffixwithothernounswhichareless 2

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While there are languages that code a particular grammatical role (e.g. subject or direct object) in one and the same way across the board, many more languages code the same grammatical roles differentially. The variables which condition the differential argument marking (or DAM) pertain to various
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