Table Of Content

The Developing Brain and Its Connections The Developing Brain and Its Connections describes the processes of neural development from neural induction through synaptic refnement. Each chapter explores specifc mechanisms of development and describes key experiments from invertebrate and vertebrate animal models. By highlighting experimental methods and explaining how hypotheses evolve over time, readers learn essential facts while strengthening their appreciation of the scientifc method. Discussions of neurodevelopmental disorders and therapeutic approaches to them bridge basic science discoveries with the clinical aspects of the feld. Descriptions of recent work by student researchers and medical residents demonstrate career pathways and options for those interested in pursuing any area neural development. With this distinctive approach, easy-to-follow writing style, and clear illustrations, The Developing Brain presents an accessible approach to neural development for undergraduate students. The Developing Brain and its Connections Lynne M. Bianchi Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First edition published 2023 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2023 Lynne M. Bianchi Derived from Developmental Neurobiology published by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC | Garland Science 2018 Cover image courtesty of Jason Newbern and Mike Holter. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Bianchi, Lynne M. (Professor of neuroscience), author. Title: The developing brain and its connections / Lynne M. Bianchi. Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2023. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifers: LCCN 2022029030 (print) | LCCN 2022029031 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367762438 (hbk) | ISBN 9780367749903 (pbk) | ISBN 9781003166078 (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Developmental neurobiology. | Neurotransmitters. Classifcation: LCC QP363.5 .B59 2023 (print) | LCC QP363.5 (ebook) | DDC 612.6/4018—dc23/eng/20220916 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022029030 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022029031 ISBN: 9780367762438 (hbk) ISBN: 9780367749903 (pbk) ISBN: 9781003166078 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003166078 Typeset in ITC Leawood by Apex CoVantage, LLC To Gene, Aaron, Glia, and Steven BRIEF CONTENTS List of Boxes xv Author Biography xvii Preface xix Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Field of Developmental Neurobiology 1 Chapter 2 Neural Induction 35 Chapter 3 Segmentation of the Anterior–Posterior Axis 57 Chapter 4 Patterning along the Dorsal–Ventral Axis 89 Chapter 5 Proliferation and Migration of Neurons 123 Chapter 6 Cell Determination and Early Differentiation 161 Chapter 7 Neurite Outgrowth, Axonal Pathfnding, and Initial Target Selection 203 Chapter 8 Neuronal Survival and Programmed Cell Death 241 Chapter 9 Synaptic Formation and Reorganization Part I: The Neuromuscular Junction 275 Chapter 10 Synaptic Formation and Reorganization Part II: Synapses in the Central Nervous System 307 Glossary 337 Index 349 DETAILED CONTENTS List of Boxes xv A Region of the Dorsal Blastopore Lip Organizes the Amphibian Body Axis and Induces the Author Biography xvii Formation of Neural Tissue 40 Preface xix The Search for the Neural Inducer Took Decades of Research 41 Chapter 1 New Tissue Culture Methods and Cell-Specifc Markers Advanced the Search for Neural An Introduction to the Field of Inducers 42 Developmental Neurobiology 1 NEURAL INDUCTION: THE NEXT CELLULAR STRUCTURES AND PHASE OF DISCOVERIES 42 ANATOMICAL REGIONS OF THE Studies Suggest Neural Induction Might Require NERVOUS SYSTEM 4 Removal of Animal Cap-Derived Signals 43 The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Mutation of the Activin Receptor Prevents Are Comprised of Neurons and Glia 5 the Formation of Ectoderm and Mesoderm but Induces Neural Tissue 44 The Nervous System Is Organized around Three Axes 7 Modern Molecular Methods Led to the ORIGINS OF CNS AND PNS REGIONS 8 Identifcation of Three Neural Inducers 45 The Vertebrate Neural Plate Gives Rise to Central NOGGIN, FOLLISTATIN, AND CHORDIN and Peripheral Structures 9 PREVENT EPIDERMAL INDUCTION 47 Future Vertebrate CNS Regions Are Identifed at Studies of Epidermal Induction Revealed the Early Stages of Neural Development 10 Mechanism for Neural Induction 47 The Timing of Developmental Events Is The Discovery of Neural Inducers in the Fruit Fly Standardized in Many Vertebrates 10 Drosophila Led to a New Model for Epidermal Anatomical Regions and the Timing of and Neural Induction 48 Developmental Events Are Mapped in BMP Signaling Pathways Are Regulated Invertebrate Nervous Systems 15 by SMADs 51 The Drosophila CNS and PNS Arise from Distinct Additional Signaling Pathways May Infuence Areas of Ectoderm 16 Neural Induction in Some Contexts 52 Cell Lineages Can Be Mapped in C. Elegans 18 Additional Neural Induction Pathways May Be GENE REGULATION IN THE DEVELOPING Used in Some Species 52 NERVOUS SYSTEM 20 Summary 54 Experimental Techniques Are Used to Label Genes and Proteins in the Developing Nervous System 24 Further Reading 54 Altering Development Helps Understand Normal Processes 25 Chapter 3 Using Naturally Occurring Events to Understand Neural Development 29 Segmentation of the Anterior– Posterior Axis 57 Summary 33 Further Reading 34 NEURAL TUBE FORMATION 57 Early Segmentation of the Neural Tube Establishes Subsequent Organization 60 Chapter 2 Temporal–Spatial Differences in Organizer- Neural Induction 35 Derived Signals Induce Head and Tail Structures 61 NEURAL TISSUE IS DESIGNATED Activating, Transforming, and Inhibitory Signals DURING EMBRYOGENESIS 35 Interact to Pattern the A/P Axis 62 Gastrulation Creates New Cell and Tissue SPECIFICATION OF FOREBRAIN REGIONS 63 Interactions That Infuence Neural Induction 36 Signals from Extraembryonic Tissues Pattern NEURAL INDUCTION: EARLY Forebrain Areas 63 DISCOVERIES 40 Forebrain Segments Are Characterized by Amphibian Models Were Used in Early Different Patterns of Gene Expression 63 Neuroembryology Research and Remain Signals Prevent Wnt Activity in Forebrain Popular Today 40 Regions 65