Table Of Content

THE DESCRIPTION LOGIC HANDBOOK Theory, implementation, and applications Editedby FRANZ BAADER DIEGO CALVANESE DEBORAH L. McGUINNESS DANIELE NARDI PETER F. PATEL-SCHNEIDER    Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge  , United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521781763 © Cambridge University Press 2003 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2003 -  isbn-13 978-0-511-06694-8 eBook (NetLibrary) -  isbn-10 0-511-06694-5 eBook (NetLibrary) -  isbn-13 978-0-521-78176-3 hardback -  isbn-10 0-521-78176-0 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents Listofcontributors pageix Preface xiii 1 AnIntroductiontoDescriptionLogics D.NardiandR.J.Brachman 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 FromnetworkstoDescriptionLogics 4 1.3 KnowledgerepresentationinDescriptionLogics 12 1.4 Fromtheorytopractice:DescriptionLogicsystems 16 1.5 ApplicationsdevelopedwithDescriptionLogicsystems 20 1.6 ExtensionsofDescriptionLogics 30 1.7 RelationshiptootherfieldsofComputerScience 36 1.8 Conclusion 39 PartI: Theory 41 2 BasicDescriptionLogics F.BaaderandW.Nutt 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Definitionofthebasicformalism 46 2.3 Reasoningalgorithms 74 2.4 Languageextensions 90 3 ComplexityofReasoning F.M.Donini 96 3.1 Introduction 96 3.2 OR-branching:findingamodel 100 3.3 AND-branching:findingaclash 107 3.4 Combiningsourcesofcomplexity 114 3.5 Reasoninginthepresenceofaxioms 116 3.6 Undecidability 122 3.7 ReasoningaboutindividualsinABoxes 128 3.8 Discussion 132 3.9 Alistofcomplexityresultsforsubsumptionandsatisfiability 133 v vi Contents 4 RelationshipswithotherFormalisms U.Sattler,D.Calvanese, andR.Molitor 137 4.1 AIknowledgerepresentationformalisms 137 4.2 Logicalformalisms 149 4.3 Databasemodels 161 5 ExpressiveDescriptionLogics D.CalvaneseandG.DeGiacomo 178 5.1 Introduction 178 5.2 CorrespondencebetweenDescriptionLogicsand PropositionalDynamicLogics 179 5.3 Functionalrestrictions 186 5.4 Qualifiednumberrestrictions 193 5.5 Objects 197 5.6 Fixpointconstructs 201 5.7 Relationsofarbitraryarity 204 5.8 Finitemodelreasoning 209 5.9 Undecidabilityresults 215 6 ExtensionstoDescriptionLogics F.Baader,R.Ku¨sters,and F.Wolter 219 6.1 Introduction 219 6.2 Languageextensions 220 6.3 Non-standardinferenceproblems 250 PartII: Implementation 263 7 FromDescriptionLogicProverstoKnowledgeRepresentation Systems D.L.McGuinnessandP.F.Patel-Schneider 265 7.1 Introduction 265 7.2 Basicaccess 267 7.3 Advancedapplicationaccess 270 7.4 Advancedhumanaccess 274 7.5 Othertechnicalconcerns 280 7.6 Publicrelationsconcerns 280 7.7 Summary 281 8 DescriptionLogicSystems R.Mo¨llerandV.Haarslev 282 8.1 Newlightthrougholdwindows? 282 8.2 Thefirstgeneration 283 8.3 SecondgenerationDescriptionLogicsystems 291 8.4 Thenextgeneration:Fact,DlpandRacer 301 8.5 Lessonslearned 303 9 ImplementationandOptimizationTechniques I.Horrocks 306 9.1 Introduction 306 9.2 Preliminaries 308 Contents vii 9.3 Subsumption-testingalgorithms 313 9.4 Theoryversuspractice 317 9.5 Optimizationtechniques 322 9.6 Discussion 345 PartIII:Applications 347 10 ConceptualModelingwithDescriptionLogics A.Borgidaand R.J.Brachman 349 10.1 Background 349 10.2 ElementaryDescriptionLogicmodeling 351 10.3 Individualsintheworld 353 10.4 Concepts 355 10.5 Subconcepts 358 10.6 Modelingrelationships 361 10.7 Modelingontologicalaspectsofrelationships 363 10.8 Aconceptualmodelingmethodology 369 10.9 TheABox:modelingspecificstatesoftheworld 370 10.10 Conclusions 371 11 SoftwareEngineering C.A.Welty 373 11.1 Introduction 373 11.2 Background 373 11.3 Lassie 374 11.4 CodeBase 379 11.5 CSISandCBMS 380 12 Configuration D.L.McGuinness 388 12.1 Introduction 388 12.2 Configurationdescriptionandrequirements 390 12.3 TheProseandQuestarfamilyofconfigurators 403 12.4 Summary 404 13 MedicalInformatics A.Rector 406 13.1 Backgroundandhistory 407 13.2 Exampleapplications 410 13.3 Technicalissuesinmedicalontologies 416 13.4 Ontologicalissuesinmedicalontologies 422 13.5 Architectures:terminologyservers,views,andchange management 424 13.6 Discussion:keylessonsfrommedicalontologies 426 14 DigitalLibrariesandWeb-BasedInformationSystems I.Horrocks,D.L.McGuinness,andA.C.Welty 427 14.1 Backgroundandhistory 427 14.2 Enablingthesemanticweb:DAML 432 viii Contents 14.3 OILandDAML+OIL 434 14.4 Summary 448 15 NaturalLanguageProcessing E.Franconi 450 15.1 Introduction 450 15.2 Semanticinterpretation 451 15.3 Reasoningwiththelogicalform 454 15.4 Knowledge-basednaturallanguagegeneration 460 16 DescriptionLogicsforDatabases A.Borgida,M.Lenzerini,and R.Rosati 462 16.1 Introduction 462 16.2 DatamodelsandDescriptionLogics 465 16.3 DescriptionLogicsanddatabasequerying 474 16.4 Dataintegration 478 16.5 Conclusions 483 Appendix DescriptionLogicTerminology F.Baader 485 A.1 Notationalconventions 485 A.2 SyntaxandsemanticsofcommonDescriptionLogics 485 A.3 Additionalconstructors 491 A.4 AnoteonthenamingschemeforDescriptionLogics 494 Bibliography 496 Index 547 Contributors FranzBaader Institutfu¨rTheoretischeInformatik Fakulta¨tInformatik TUDresden 01062Dresden,Germany [email protected] http://wwwtcs.inf.tu-dresden.de/~baader/ AlexBorgida DepartmentofComputerScience RutgersUniversity Piscataway,NJ08855,U.S.A. [email protected] http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~borgida/ RonaldJ. Brachman CorporationforNationalResearchInitiatives,U.S.A. [email protected] http://www.brachman.org/ DiegoCalvanese DipartimentodiInformaticaeSistemistica Universita` diRoma“LaSapienza” ViaSalaria113,00198Roma,Italy [email protected] http://www.dis.uniroma1.it/~calvanese/ GiuseppeDeGiacomo DipartimentodiInformaticaeSistemistica Universita` diRoma“LaSapienza” ViaSalaria113,00198Roma,Italy [email protected] http://www.dis.uniroma1.it/~degiacomo/ ix x Listofcontributors FrancescoM. Donini DipartimentodiElettrotecnicaedElettronica PolitecnicodiBari ViaReDavid200,70125Bari,Italy [email protected] http://dee.poliba.it/dee-web/doniniweb/donini.html EnricoFranconi FacultyofComputerScience FreeUniversityofBozen-Bolzano Dominikanerplatz3,I-39100Bozen,Italy [email protected] http://www.inf.unibz.it/~franconi/ VolkerHaarslev ComputerScienceDepartment ConcordiaUniversity 1455deMaisonneuveBlvd.W.,Montreal,QuebecH3GIM8,Canada [email protected] http://www.cs.concordia.ca/~faculty/haarslev/ IanHorrocks InformationManagementGroup DepartmentofComputerScience UniversityofManchester ManchesterM139PL,U.K. [email protected] http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~horrocks/ RalfKu¨sters Institutfu¨rInformatikundPraktischeMathematik Christian-Albrechts-Universita¨tzuKiel Olshausenstraße40,24098Kiel,Germany [email protected] http://www.ti.informatik.uni-kiel.de/~kuesters/ MaurizioLenzerini DipartimentodiInformaticaeSistemistica Universita` diRoma“LaSapienza” ViaSalaria113,00198Roma,Italy [email protected] http://www.dis.uniroma1.it/~lenzerini/ DeborahL. McGuinness KnowledgeSystemsLaboratory GatesBuilding2A,StanfordUniversity Stanford,CA 94305-9020,U.S.A. [email protected] http://ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/