The demand for urban water

130 Pages·1976·4.687 MB·English

by  P. Darr, S. L. Feldman, Ch. Kamen (auth.)

Studies in applied regional science
This series in applied regional, urban and
environmental analysis aims to provide
regional scientists with a set of adequate tools
for empirical regional analysis and for prac
tical regional planning problems. The major
emphasis in this series will be upon the
applicability of theories and methods in the
field of regional science; these will be pre
sented in a form which can be readily used
by practitioners. Both new applications of
existing knowledge and newly developed ideas
will be published in the series.
Studies in applied
regional science
Vol. 6
Editor-in-Chief
P. Nijkamp
Free University, Amsterdam
Editorial Board
A.
E. Andersson
University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg
W.lsard
Regional Science Institute, Philadelphia
L. H. Klaassen
Netherlands Economic Institute, Rotterdam
I. Masser
State University. Utrecht
N. Sakashita
Osaka University, Osaka
The demand for urban water
P. Darr,
Tahal-Water Planning for Israel
S. L. Feldman,
Clark University
Ch. Kamen,
University of Haifa
tJ.!artinus8VVhoff Social Sciences Division
CUiden 1976
lSBN-13: 978-90-207-0647-5 e-lSBN-13: 978-1-4613-4371-4
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-4371-4
Copyright © 1976 by H.E. Stenfert Kroese B.V., Leiden
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by print,
photoprint, microfilm or any other means, without written
permission from the publisher
Photoset in Malta by Interprint (Malta) Ltd.
Preface
This book is written for students and scholars seeking a rather 'unconven
tional' approach to the problem of water supply planning. The 'uncon
ventionality' is present in the adoption of social psychological tools for the
economic planning of water system design in an arid environment. The
theoretics of Chapter I provides the framework for the empirical analysis of
the ensuing chapters. The language of that chapter is designed to be under
standable to students in introductory regional science, economics or
geography courses, as well as professionals in allied fields. The fresh
approach of the empirical analysis should lift the field of urban water
resources analysis into using a greater expanse of tools and methods for
policy planning. In any case, it is signifying that straightforward engineer
ing analysis in most cases may be made more effective by socio-economic
studies as that carried out in Israel. Indeed the guidelines and specifications
presented in this work are presently being used by Israeli planners.
A number of individuals and institutions contributed greatly to this
effort. Foremost, the authors would like to thank Tahal Consulting
Engineers, Inc., for funding the major part of this study. Ms. Suzy Ashkenazi
of that organization aided in data analysis. The authors especially express
their indebtedness to Dr. Shalom Reichman of the Hebrew University. His
reading of a number of drafts and permitting further funding through the
Hebrew University Social Science Research Council was more than invalu
able.
Others who have contributed in data gathering efforts include Messrs.
Y osi Benvenisti and Uzi Haim of the Israel Institute of Applied Social
Research; and Gil and Hela Yaneev. Professional advice was obtained
from Messrs. Zev Karmon and E. Dyliahu of the National Water Com
mission. Dr. John Boland of The Johns Hopkins University, Dr. Eytan
Sheshinski of the Hebrew University, and Mr. Harry Schwarz of Clark
University patiently read through drafts, for their comments, the authors
give their thanks. Editorial advice was gleaned from Angela Dorenkamp.
Thanks are also extended to Shue Tuck Wong for allowing the authors
to use his published work, as well as the American Geophysical Union and
The Journal of Environmental Systems for Extending permission to use
materials.
vi PREFACE
The manuscript was read and commented on by a number of students in
our attempt to define its palatability as a supplemental reading for a course
in resources economics. Especially helpful were the contributions of Gary
Kessler, David Magid and Norman Jaffe.
P.Darr
S. L. Feldman
Ch. Kamen
Contents
v
PREFACE
viii
LIST OF TABLES
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
1. THE SCOPE OF THE ANALYSIS 1
2. AN AGGREGATE EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF RESIDENTIAL WATER
CONSUMPTION 31
3. A BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS OF VARIATIONS IN RESIDENTIAL WATER
USE: A SAMPLE SURVEY 43
4. THE EFFECT OF PRICE, SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ATTITUDINAL
77
VARIABLES ON WATER USE IN ARID ENVIRONMENT
S. A SUMMARY OF AND INFERENCES FROM THE MACRO-AND
MICRO-ANALYSES OF RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSUMPTION 92
REFERENCES 111
List of tables
Table 1-1. Past and projected water demand by sectors (in
millions of cubic meters) 2
Table 1-2. Freshwater development proposals for 1972-1985 3
Table 1-3. Previous estimates of price elasticity and income
elasticity of water demand 7
Table 1-4. Water use in metered and flat rate areas in the
U.S. 8
Table 1-5. Comparison of demand parameters before and after
metering for various sampled areas in boulder, Colorado 11
Table 1-6. Country-wide average annual quantity of water per
person by geographical region (metered and non-metered
units) 12
Table 2-1. Total annual per capita urban water consumption
and size of population in 30 selected towns 32
Table 2-2. Total annual per capita urban water consumption
for 30 selected towns according to index (1962 base year =
100) 33
Table 2-3. Comparison of FHA design standards and the
findings of Johns Hopkins residential water use study (gallons
per dwelling unit per day) 34
Table 2-4. Water rate schedules by town 1968/69 37
Table 2-5. Per capita residential water consumption by town
(1968/69) (in cubic meters per annum) 39
Table 2-6. Multiple regression analysis of Macro-data 41
LIST OF TABLES ix
Table 3-1. Sampling distribution of survey by settlements 45
Table 3-2. Two-way analysis of variance for non-metered
dwellings in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and Tel Aviv suburbs:
quantity of water/ cap/ annum, index of water use and
settlement 48
Table 3-3. Two-way analysis of variance for metered dwellings
in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv suburbs and Haifa: quantity
of water/cap/annum, index of water use and settlement 49
Table 3-4. Water consumption/capita, income/capita, and
Number of persons/dwelling (metered) 51
Table 3-5. Income per capita, water consumption per capita,
country of origin, and persons/dwelling unit (metered) 51
Table 3-6. Water consumption/capita per year by type of
metering and urban area 52
Table 3-7. Per capita consumption by family size, gross
monthly family income P. c., and educational level
(apartment metering only) (CU.M. P.C.) 52
Table 3-8. Per capita consumption by family size, gross
monthly family income P.C. and housing density (for
apartment metering only) CU.M. P.A. 53
Table 3-9. Means and standard deviations (in parentheses) of
variables 55
Table 3-10. Simple correlation coefficients of selected
variables 59
Table 3-11. Estimates of beta coefficients by settlement 60
Table 3-12. Intercept terms by settlement Qa, Qd> and Qs from
log linear regression analysis 61
Table 3-13. Aggregate analysis for Qa and Qd by metered
dwelling units 65
Table 3-14. Aggregate analysis for Qa and Qd by Non-metered
dwelling units 66
x LIST OF TABLES
Table 3-15. Total family water consumption per annum,
average water price, by income and household size, by area
for metered residences 68
Table 3-16. Perception of water as a commodity and monthly
income per capita 70
Table 3-17. Reported willingness to pay more for household
water (percentage of those 'definitely' willing to pay the
suggested increase in the bi-monthly bill) 72
Table 3-18. Per capita income, family size, and reported
willingness to pay more for water for domestic use: Scale
Scores 73
Table 3-19. Per capita income, family size, ethnicity, education
and reported willingness to pay more for water for domestic
use: scale scores (percentage of respondents classified in
'high' willingness categories - 1, 2 - on a seven-category
Guttman scale of willingness to pay more for water for
domestic use; respondents born abroad only) 74
Table 3-20. Per capita income, family size, ethnicity,
education, and willingness to pay IL 10.00 more per
bi-monthly bill for water or better quality, for unlimited
household supply, and for no self-imposed restraints on use. 75
Table 4-1. Schedule of water prices in Eilat for 1970 and
79
1972
Table 4-2. Aggregate residential water use in Ellat 79
Table 4-3. Distribution of residential water consumption in
Eilat for August-September, 1970 and 1972 81
Table 4-4. Desert coolers with/without recycling pumps,
treatment versus control group 82
Table 4-5. Quantity of desert coolers in a dwelling, treatment
versus control group 82
Table 4-6. Summer bi-monthly water use by dwelling (1970
and 1972) for control and treatment groups 85