The Decline of the German Mandarins: The German Academic Community, 1890–1933 PDF
Preview The Decline of the German Mandarins: The German Academic Community, 1890–1933
THE DECLINE OF THE GERMAN MANDARINS Fritz K. Ringer THE DECLINE OF THE GERMAN MANDARINS The German Academic Community, 1890-1933 HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1969 © Copyright 1969 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Distributed in Great Britain by Oxford University Press, London Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 68-54023 Printed in the United States of America ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book grew out of a dissertation on "The German Universities and the Crisis of Learning, 1918-1925," which was directed by Franklin L. Ford of Harvard University. Two consecutive grants from the Social Science Research Council enabled me to work at the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich for a year and to com plete the thesis in the fall of 1960. I have been back to Germany for further research since then, and I have progressively enlarged the whole conception of the book over the last seven years. During that interval, I was able to discuss my ideas with colleagues and students, always to my profit. I had specific comments upon several chapters from Crane Brinton, H. Stuart Hughes, and David S. Landes of Har vard University, and from Fritz T. Epstein and Herbert H. Kaplan of Indiana University. I gratefully acknowledge their advice. The most helpful criticism and encouragement, however, has been my wife's. I wish to thank Heike Mitchell and Anna Strikis for their help in typing and proofreading the manuscript, and Robert Grogg, for his stamina in verifying notes and working on the index. CONTENTS Introduction. THE MANDARIN TYPE 1 THE SOCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND 14 1. The Origins of the Educated Middle Class, 15 Education and Society, 25 The Advent of the Machine an<l of "the Masses," 42 The Weimar Period, 6 1 2. THE MANDARIN TRADITION IN RETROSPECT Rationality and Culture, 83 Idealism and the Historical Tradition, go The Idea of the University and of Learning, 02 1 Social and Political Implications, 113 3. POLITICS AND SOCIAL THEORY, 1890-1918 Orthodoxy and Modernism: Basic Concerns, 128 Economics and Social Policy, 143 Sociology: Tonnies, Simmel, and Max Weber, 162 The World War: Harmony and Disharmony, 180 4. THE POLITICAL CONFLICT AT ITS HEIGHT, 1918-1933 200 The Modernists and the Politics of Accommodation, 202 The Orthodox Revolt, 2 13 The Social Sciences in the Twenties, 227 The Crisis of Mandarin Politics, 241 5. THE ORIGINS OF THE CULTURAL CRISIS, 1890-1920 253 The Problem of Cultural Decadence, 253 The Modernist Initiative, 269 The Orthodox Response, 282 The Involvement of Learning, 295 6. FROM THE REVIVAL TO THE CRISIS OF LEARNING, 1890-1920 The Background in Philosophy and Psychology, 305 The Renewal of the Humanistic Disciplines, 315 Learning and Life: The Problem of Values, 334 The Great Debate, 352 7. THE CRISIS OF LEARNING AT ITS HEIGHT, 1920-1933 367 Developments in Philosophy and Psychology, 367 The Synthesis Movement, 384 The New Pedagogy, 404 The Sociology of Culture and of Knowledge, 418 Conclusion. THE END OF A TRADITION 435 BIBLIOGRAPHY 453 NOTES 477 INDEX THE DECLINE OF THE GERMAN MANDARINS
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