The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Study of the Humanities Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah Edited by George J. Brooke Associate Editors Eibert J.C. Tigchelaar Jonathan Ben-Dov Alison Schofield VOLUME 125 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/stdj The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Study of the Humanities Method, Theory, Meaning: Proceedings of the Eighth Meeting of the International Organization for Qumran Studies (Munich, 4–7 August, 2013) Edited by Pieter B. Hartog Alison Schofield Samuel I. Thomas LEIDEN | BOSTON The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2018024147 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0169-9962 isbn 978-90-04-37616-8 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-37639-7 (e-book) Copyright 2018 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents Introduction vii Eibert J.C. Tigchelaar and Pieter B. Hartog Sources, Fragments, and Additions: Biblical Criticism and the Dead Sea Scrolls 1 Reinhard G. Kratz Post-Colonialism, Hybridity, and the Dead Sea Scrolls 28 Samuel L. Adams The Social Milieu of 4QJera (4Q70) in a Second Temple Jewish Manuscript Culture: Fragments, Manuscripts, Variance, and Meaning 53 Kipp Davis Male and Female, Heaven and Earth: Claude Lévi-Strauss’s Structuralist Approach to Myth and the Enochic Myth of the Watchers 77 Matthew Goff Pesher as Commentary 92 Pieter B. Hartog 4QCantb—Ein dramatischer Text 117 Matthias Hopf Scribal Approaches to Damaged Manuscripts: Not Just a Modern Dilemma 141 Drew Longacre Das Jubiläenbuch als Erzählung, Mose als Schreiber: Diachrone Beobachtungen zu einem synchronen Ansatz 165 Simone Paganini Reading Sectarian Spaces: Critical Spatial Theory and the Case of the Yahad 176 Alison Schofield vi CONTENTS Sociolinguistics and the Misleading Use of the Concept of Anti-Language for Qumran Hebrew 195 Eibert J.C. Tigchelaar Index of Modern Authors 207 Index of Ancient Sources 211 Introduction Eibert J.C. Tigchelaar and Pieter B. Hartog The eighth meeting of the International Organization for Qumran Studies (IOQS) was held jointly with the meeting of the International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament (IOSOT) in Munich from 4–7 August, 2013. For this meeting, the secretary and steering committee of the IOQS invited papers on any topic relating to the Dead Sea Scrolls that explicitly addressed, or reflected upon, issues of methodology and theory, whether classical, mod- ern, or post-modern. In the area of classical methods, this could involve how methods that are used in biblical scholarship, such as textual criticism and its objectives or redaction and recension criticism, have to be rethought in light of the scrolls—or, reversely, how more recent developments of those methods in biblical and literary scholarship could (or should) affect the study of the Dead Sea Scrolls. As regards new methods, the call for papers suggested that papers could reflect on the application of literary and linguistic methods—e.g., mod- ern genre theory, semantics, or metaphor study—to the scrolls. One could also think of theories and approaches drawn from the social sciences. Other approaches that gradually are being applied in the study of the scrolls include cognitive science, performance theory and ritual studies. Post-modern approaches, lastly, could include insights from gender studies, including mas- culinist studies, or post-colonialism. Behind this theme lay the question how the study of the humanities can contribute to the study of the scrolls, and how scrolls studies participate in the modern study of the humanities. The organizers strongly expressed the wish that papers include more than a discussion of method or theory and move beyond theory to offer readings of particular texts. Papers at the Meeting Some of the papers at the meeting dealt with issues of literary methods as applied in biblical scholarship and Qumran studies, and how these two could have an impact on one another. Reinhard G. Kratz delivered the keynote lecture for this meeting. His paper “Sources, Fragments, and Additions: Biblical Criticism and the Dead Sea Scrolls” is included in this volume. Hindy Najman covered the names and designations of scrolls, observing that these often use terms that express relationships to the corpus of the Hebrew Bible. In an attempt to viii Tigchelaar and Hartog sidestep some of the problems with the concept “Rewritten Scripture”—most notably the fact that the concept mixes up reception and composition—Hans Debel explored the possibilities of Gérard Genette’s notions of hypotext and hypertext. Hanne von Weissenberg reflected on the terminology of “authorita- tive” texts, and Armin Lange discussed his and Russell Fuller’s joint work on the textual criticism of allusions and quotations in the scrolls. Corrado Martone revisited and assessed Dominique Barthélemy’s theory that the Naḥal Ḥever Minor Prophets scroll is the missing link between pre-masoretic fluidity and masoretic uniformity. Kipp Davis and Torleif Elgvin presented Schøyen frag- ments and correlated this to issues of multiple literary editions and the process of canonizing the Megillot. Davis’s paper on 4Q70 (4QJera) is included in this volume. Andrea Ravasco surveyed methods in the reconstruction of 4QSama. Matthias Hopf proposed a reading of 4QCanticlesb as a dramatic text on the basis of the signs in the manuscript (see the paper included in this volume). Larry Schiffman, finally, reflected broadly on the fundamental methodological issues involved when one comes to study a non-biblical Dead Sea Scrolls text. Many scholars dealt with new methods, both literary and linguistic ones, or the use of theories or categorizations in scrolls scholarship. Martin Abegg pre- sented a generative syntactic analysis of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Eibert Tigchelaar surveyed the application of the concept anti-language to Qumran Hebrew. Drew Longacre dealt with the treatment of defective exemplars in past and present. Elisa Uusimäki demonstrated the value of material construction as applied to 4QBeatitudes. Bennie H. Reynolds raised the problem of the cat- egory “demons.” Matthew Goff examined to what extent anthropological and religious studies approaches to “myth” could contribute to interpreting the “myth of the watchers” in the scrolls and 1 Enoch. Bärry Hartog explored how a discourse-focused approach to commentaries could further our understand- ing of the pesharim. Revised versions of Tigchelaar’s, Longacre’s, Goff’s, and Hartog’s papers are included here. Modern approaches, including social-scientific ones, were applied by Jutta Jokiranta and Samuel Thomas. Jokiranta focused on ritual theories drawn from the cognitive science of religion, Thomas on metaphor and ritual in Qumran liturgical texts. Samuel Adams demonstrated the relevance of post-colonial theory for understanding the scrolls, and Ana Barbulescu applied Peter L. Berger’s sociology of knowledge to the Damascus Document. Alison Schofield applied critical spatial theory to the Yahad. Adams’s and Schofield’s papers fea- ture in this volume. Several lectures did not address method or theory directly, but offered other studies on the scrolls. Ananda Geyser-Fouche spoke on Chronicles and Qumran. Simone Paganini dealt with the book of Jubilees as narrative (see his paper in this volume). Paul Heger addressed the question whether women were INTRODUCTION ix members of the Edah-Yahad. Marcus Tso compared virtue ethics in 4Q298 and Galatians. Yoram Erder spoke on Karaite biblical exegesis and the Qumran sect. Liora Goldman argued that the Damascus Document can be defined as a the- matic pesher. John Kampen addressed the relation between sectarianism and wisdom. Devorah Dimant talked about pesharim terminology in the Hodayot. Shani Tzoref surveyed exegetical representations of “gentiles” in the pesharim. Annette Steudel reflected on the relationship between D and S. Finally, Ulrich Dahmen and Heinz-Josef Fabry presented some theological and lexicographic results of their work on the Theologisches Wörterbuch zu den Qumrantexten. This Volume Only a handful of the papers presented at the IOQS meeting have found their way into this volume. In the period between the meeting in Munich and the appearance of this volume, many scholars have included the work they pre- sented in Munich in other publications. The original team of editors of this volume—consisting of George Brooke, Alison Schofield, Samuel Thomas, and Eibert Tigchelaar—has peer-reviewed and given feedback to all the papers submitted to this volume. All papers have subsequently been revised by their authors. Thanks are due to Maartje van Veluw, who assisted in preparing the indices to this volume. The result is a multi-faceted volume, which captures the breadth of top- ics addressed and methodologies presented at the Munich conference. Unsurprisingly, the connection between Qumran studies and traditional meth- ods in biblical studies is well-represented, with Kratz, Davis, and Longacre all addressing methodological aspects of textual criticism. Adams, Goff, Schofield, and Tigchelaar address the advantages and pitfalls of applying approaches common in the humanities, but comparatively new in the study of the scrolls (post-colonial theory, structuralist analysis, spatial theory, and sociolinguis- tics), to the Qumran corpus. Hartog and Hopf, finally, take their cue from the study of specific types of text in classical studies and the humanities (com- mentaries and dramatic texts) and attempt to integrate texts from the Qumran corpus within this wider framework. The papers in this volume offer an invitation to cross-fertilization, addressed to Qumran scholars and scholars in adjacent fields like classics, archaeology, ancient history, literary studies, and others. The study of Qumran has long been isolated from academic debates within the humanities and social sci- ences. Ahead of Qumran scholarship lies the task to remedy this situation and to demonstrate the importance of the scrolls for the study of culture and reli- gion more broadly.