The Day Wall Street Exploded This page intentionally left blank The Day Wall Street Exploded A Story of America in Its First Age of Terror Beverly Gage 1 2009 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2009 by Beverly Gage Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gage, Beverly. The day Wall Street exploded : a story of America in its fi rst age of terror / Beverly Gage. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN978-0-19-514824-4 1. Terrorism—New York (State)—New York—History. 2. Terrorism—United States—History. 3. Domestic terrorism—United States. I. Title. HV6432.44.N7G342009 974.7'1—dc22 2008022074 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper To Dan and Nicholas, for their patience and love This page intentionally left blank Contents Introduction 1 Part I September 16, 1920 1 The Middle of Things 11 2 The End of the World 31 Part II The Story of Dynamite 3 The First Terrorist Act in America 41 4 American Roughneck 69 5 The War at Home 96 contents Part III A National Crime 6 The Great Detectives 125 7 Business as Usual 150 8 Usual Suspects 169 9 A Perfect Alibi 187 Part IV Faccia a Faccia 10 The Anarchist Fighters 207 11 Illegal Practices 229 12 The Martyr Who Wasn’t 242 Part V THE RUSSIAN CONNECTION 13 The “Great Detective” Returns 261 14 Triple-Cross 277 15 The Wall Street Curse 291 16 The Roar of the Twenties 309 Appendix: In Memoriam 329 Acknowledgments 331 Note on Sources 333 Abbreviations Used in Notes 335 Notes 339 Index 387 viii The Day Wall Street Exploded
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