The Dawn of European Civilization

346 Pages·2013·8.563 MB·English

by  Gordon Childe, V

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THE HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION
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THE HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION
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2 General Editor C. K. Ogden
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e The History of Civilization is a landmark in
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e early twentieth Century pUblishing. The aim
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7 of the general editor, C. K. Ogden, was to
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3 "summarise in one comprehensive synthesis
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t historians, anthropologists, archaeologists,
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on civilization." The History, which includes
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o titles in the French series L'Evolution de
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f ['Humaniti, was published at a formative time
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y in the development of the social sciences, and
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y A list of the titles in the series can be found at
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THE DAWN OF EUROPEAN
CIVILIZATION
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r V. Gordon Childe
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London and New York
First published in 1925 by Routledge, Trench, Trubner
Reprinted in 1996, 1998 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park,
7 Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
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r 270 Madison Ave,
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S Transferred to Digital Printing 2008
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2 © 1996 Routledge
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r All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
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T utilized in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical,
of or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
y photocopying and recording, in any information storage
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si or retrieval system, without permission in writing
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ve from the publishers.
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y British Cataloguing in Publication Data
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o ISBN: 0-415-15563-0
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ISBN Pre-history (12 volume set): 0-415-15611-4
ISBN History of Civilization (50 volume set): 0-415-14380-2
Publisher's Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of
this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the
original may be apparent
CONTENTS
7 CHAPIT.E R THE SURVIVAL OF THE FOOD-GATHERERS. The old PAGE
1
0 stone age and the new; the ,. transitional" cul
2
r tures; the Tardenoisian-Azilian-Maglemose phase;
e
b
m the Ertebolle-Campigian phase • I
e
pt II. MINOAN CRETE AND THE OLDEST CIVILIZATION IN
e
S EUROPE. The Ancient East; Minoan civilization
7 as the first manifestation of the European spirit 22
0
23 III. MARITIME CIVILIZATION IN THE CYCLADES 42
:
0
1 IV. THE ANATOLIAN CIVILIZATION OF TROY. 53
t
a
] V. CONTINENTAL AND MARITIME CIVILIZATIONS IN
o
t GREECE. The first neolithic period; Period II;
n
o Periods III and IV in Thessaly; Early Helladic
r
o
T civilization; The Middle Helladic Period and
f Minyan culture; the extension of Minoan civili-
o
y zation to the Mainland 65
t
i
s
r VI. THE SPREAD OF CIVILIZATION BY SEA. SICILY AND
e
v SOUTH ITALY 86
i
n
U
VII. MARITIME CIVILIZATION IN THE WESTERN MEDI
[
y TERRANEAN: SARDINIA 101
b
d
e VIII. THE CIVILIZATIONS OF THE WEST. The Neolithic
d
a Period; the Early Chalcolithic Period; the Full
o
nl Chalcolithic Period; the Bronze Age 1<>9
w
o IX. THE ORIENT AND THE OCCIDENT. Chronology; the
D
origin of the dolmen; the corbelled vault and
metallurgy; conclusions 129
X. THE PEOPLE OF THE STEPPES I3«
XI. THE AGRICULTURALISTS OF THE BLACK-EARTH REGION.
Erosd and Tripolye A; the later black-earth cul
ture; the Thracian copper age 152
v
vi CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
XII. DANUBIAN CIVILIZATION. Danubian I; Danubian
II; The extension of Danubian culture westward;
the "Nordic" and Alpine invaders; the Early
Bronze Age; the Middle Bronze Age; conclusion 171
XIII. THE MEETING OF EAST AND WEST IN SCANDINAVIA.
7
1 Period II; Period III; epoch of the dagger and
20 long cist; the Bronze Age 204
r
e XIV. FOOD GATHERERS AND WARRIORS ON THE BALTIC AND
b
m IN NORTH RUSSIA 217
e
pt xv. THE BATTLE-AxE FOLK IN EASTERN GERMANY AND
e
S
POLAND. The" Nordic" pottery of dolmen type ;
7
0 the globular amphorce; corded ware; the begin-
3 nings of the Bronze Age 228
2
:
0
1 XVI. LAKE-DWELLINGS AND ALPINE CIVILIZATION. The
at origin of pile-dwellings; the origin of Alpine culture;
o] developments on the western lakes; the eastern
t
n slopes; the north-west highlands 244
o
r
o
T XVII. THE CULTURES OF THE SOUTH ALPINE SLOPES. The
f " neolithic" period; the chalcolithic period in
o
y Upper Italy; the Early Bronze Age; the Middl~
t
si Bronze Age and the terramare 260
r
e
v XVIII. THE MEGALITHIC CULTURE OF THE ATLANTIC. Non
i
n
U megalithic elements in the "neolithic" cultures;
y [ the West European megalithic cultures 271
b
d XIX. ATLANTIC AND CENTRAL EUROPEAN CULTURES IN
e
d BRITAIN. The neolithic period; the Bronze Age. 286
a
o
nl EPILOGUE 330022
w
o EXPI.ANATION OF MAPS
D 3°5
ABBREVIATIONS
3H
ADDENDA
318
SUBJECT INDEX 319
iNDEX OF TYPE SITES 327
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
7 FIG. PAGE
1 I. CONVENTIONALIZATION OF CAVE ART IN SPAIN (after H.
0
2 <Jberr.naier) 4
er 2. TRANSVERSE ARROW-HEADS 5
b
m 3. MAGDELENIAN AND AZILIAN TYPES 6
te 4· TARDENOISIAN TYPES (after Rahir) 7
p
e 5. MAGLEMOSE TYPES 9
S
7 6. IMPLEMENT OF REINDEER'S HORN. SILESIA (after Seger) II
3 0 7. CHWALIBOGOWICE TYPES, LITTLE POLAND (after Kozlowski) 12
2 8. ERTEBOLLE TYPES (after M.S.A .N.) 15
:
10 9. MAP SHOWING APPROXIMATE DISTRIBUTION OF EPIPALlEO-
at LITHIC INDUSTRY 19
o] 10. NEOLITHIC FIGURINES FROM CRETE COMPARED WITH OTHER
nt TYPES (after Sir Arthur Evans) . 25
o
r II. EARLY MINOAN III VASES (after Sir Arthur Evans) 27
o
T 12. THE GREAT MOTHER AND HORNS OF CONSECRATlON.. 30
of 13. MINOAN AXES (by perr.nission of the Accader.nia dei Lincei and
y Sir Arthur Evans) 34
t
i
rs 14. EARLY MINOAN DAGGERS AND BEADS (after Sir Arthur Evans) 35
e
v 15. MIDDLE MINOAN I DAGGERS (after Sir Arthur Evans) 36
i
n 16. MINOAN RAPIERS (after Sophus Muller and Sir Arthur
U
[ Evans) 37
y
b 17. MINOAN SPEAR-HEAD 38
d 18. CuPs OF THE VAPHEIO TYPE FROM EGYPTIAN PAINTINGS 39
e
ad 19. CYCLADIC TOMBS 43
lo 20. EARLY CYCLADIC ORNAMENTS 45
n
w 21. CYCLADIC SPEAR-HEADS (showing method of hafting),
Do TWEEZERS AND HALBERD 46
22. TOMB GROUP, AMORGOS 47
23. CYCLADIC SHERDS AND" FRYING-PAN" DEPICTING BOATS. 48
24. CYCLADIC POTTERY 51
25. MEGARON HOUSES, TROY II . 54
26. POTTERY, TROY II 55
27. TROJAN ARMS AND TREASURES (by perr.nission of the Museur.n
fur Volkerkunde, Berlin) 57
vii
viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIG) PAGE
28. TROJAN CEREMONIAL AXES (by permission of the Museum
fur Volkerkunde, Berlin) 58
29. GOLD ORNAMENTS AND PINS, TROY (by permission of the
Museum fur ViJlkerkunde, Berlin) 59
30. THESSALIAN CELTS (after Tsountas) 65
7 31. THESSALIAN FIGURINES (after Wace and Thompson) 66
1
0 32. MINIATURE ALTAR (after Wace and Thompson) 67
2
r 33. THESSAUAN VASES, PERIOD I (after Wace and Thompson) 68
be 34. FORTIFICATIONS OF DIMINI (after Wace and Thompson) 69
m
35. DIMINI BOWL AND GOLD RING-PENDANT (after Tsountas) 70
e
pt 36. POTTERY, THESSALIAN II AND III (after Wace and Thompson) 71
e
S 37. EARLY HELLADIC SAUCE-BOAT (after B.S.A.) 75
7 38. BRONZES FROM MINYAN GRAVES (after Tsountas) 77
0
3 39. MINYAN VASES AND IMITATIONS 79
2
: 40. MATT-PAINTED VASES, lEGINA 80
0
1 41. LIANOKLADHI GEOMETRIC JAR (after Wace and Thompson) 81
at 42. BASALT AND QUARTZITE PICKS (after M.A.) 87
]
o 43. POTTERY DESIGNS, SOUTH ITALY AND SICILY. 87
t
on 44. PAINTED VASES, SOUTH ITALY AND SICILY (aJ~er M.A.) 89
or 45. VASES OF CHALCOLITHIC TYPES, SOUTH ITALY AND SICILY. 91
T
f 46. BOSSED BONE PLAQUE, SICULAN I • 94
y o 47. VIEW LOOKING INTO A SICULAN I TOMB 95
t 48. SICULAN II KNIFE AND RAZOR (after M.A.) 98
i
s
r 49. VASE HANDLES AND MIDDLE BRONZE AGE TYPES FROM
e
iv terramare OF TARANTO 99
n
U 50. TOMB XXBIS, ANGHELU RUJtT (after M.A.) 103
y [ 51. WEST EUROPEAN DAGGER, DECORATED BRACER AND NECK-
b LACE, ANGHELU RUJu (after M.A.) 104
d
e 52. SARDINIAN POTTERY 105
d
a 53. EVOLUTION OF THE MEGALITHIC TOMB 1[0
o
nl 54. DEGENERATION OF THE MEGALITHIC TOMB III
w 55. NEOLITHIC IMPLEME~TS AND VASE, SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 1I3
o
D 56. POTTERY FROM PORTUGUESE PASSAGE GRAVES (after Leeds) 1I6
57. CHAr.COLITHIC WEAPONS, SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 1I8
58. RELIGIOUS OBJECTS, SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 120
59. BELL-BEAKERS 122
60. ALMERIAN BRONZE AGE TYPES (by permission of the Trustees
of the British Museum) 126
61. JEWELRY AND WEAPONS FROM MAIKOP 139
62. POTTERY, ARMS AND TOOLS FROM TZAREVSKA Y A 141
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix
FIG. PAGE
63. DOLMEN OF TZAREVSKAYA AND CATACOMB GRAVE FROM
DONETZ 142
64. MODEL OF A WAGGON, ULSKI 142
6S. ARMS AND ORNAMENTS OF OCHRE-GRAVE TYPE 143
66. OCHRE-GRAVE VASES, DONETZ AND ]ACKOWICE 144
7 67· MODEL OF A POTTERS' OVEN, EROSD (after Laszlo) IS3
1
20 68. PAINTED CUP, EROSD, (after Laszlo) IS3
er 69. TRANSYLVANIAN POTTERY (after Laszlo) 154
b
m 70. FIGURINES FROM TRANSYLVANIA AND CUCUTENI A IS5
te 71. CLAY STAMP OR pintadera 156
p
e 72. GALICIAN AND UKRAINIAN POTTERY IS8
S
7 73. FIGURINES AND MODEL THRONE, RUSSIA (after Ailio) 162
0
3 74. "THRACIAN" VASES AND FIGURINES 165
:2 75. BONE PENDANTS, DENEV (after Popov) 166
0
1 76. HUT MODELS, DENEV (after Popov) 167
at 77· SHOE-LAST CELTS (after Seger) 172
o] 78. DANUBIAN I POTTERY (after Stocky) 173
t
n 79· COPPER SPECTACLE SPIRALS AND JADEITE CELT (after Seger) 177
o
or 80. DANUBIAN II POTTERY, LENGYEL 178
T
f 81. STROKE-ORNAMENTED POTTERY AND ROSSEN STYLE 180
o 82. GROSSGARTACH POTTERY 182
y
t 83. SKETCH OF GRAVE 28 AT ]ORDANSMUHL (after Seger) . 184
i
s
r 84. CLAY BEADS AND POLYGONAL BATTLE-AXE (after Seger) 184
e
v 85. BELL-BEAKER, BRACER AND ASSOCIATED VASES, WorSCHWITZ
i
n
U (after Seger) 185
y [ 86. DAGGERS, BATTLE-AXE AND GOLD ORNAMENT OF MARSCH-
b WITZ AND BELL-BEAKER GROUPS (after Seger a'nd Schranil) 186
d
e 87. HUNGARIAN COPPER BATTLE-AXES 188
d
a 88. MARSCHWITZ POTTERY (after Stocky) 190
o
nl 89. AUNJETITZ PINS (after Schranil) 192
w 90. DAGGERS FROM AUNJETITZ GRAVES (after Schranil) 193
o
D 91. DEP()T OF SOBOCHLEBY (after Schranil) 193
92. BRONZE-HILTED ITALIAN DAGGER (after Schranil) 193
93. PINS FROM LATER AUNJETITZ GRAVES (after Schranil) 194
94. KLICEVAC IDOL AND PANNONIAN URN 196
95. ORNAMENTS FROM A GRAVE AT BIJELOM BRDO • 197
96. MIDDLE BRONZE AGE TYPES FROM HUNGARY • 199
97. EVOLUTION OF THE NORDIC FLINT CELT (by permission of
the Trustees of the British Museum) 205