The Dark Age of Greece: An Archaeological Survey of the 11th to 8th Centuries BC

456 Pages·1971·2.94 MB·English

by  Snodgrass

A.'' M. S N 0 D GRASS
The Dark Age
of Greece
AN ARCHAEO-
LOGICAL SURVEY
OF THE ELEVENTH
TO THE EIGHTH
CENTURIES
BC
at the University Press
EDINBURGH
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Preface
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©A. M. Snodgrass 1971 Thei(1ethod of this work is emrkrical. Its field is by no m~ans new: the
EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS peri~ of the early Iron Age is necessarily traversed more and more often by
22 George Square, Edinburgh studies of Greek history, literature, religion, language, art and architecture,
ISBN 0 8)224 089 9 as knowledge broadens of the Bronze Age civilizations before it, and their
North America common features with the Classical Greek world afterwards. In most of
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these studies it forms an unsatisfactory interlude, interrupting any pattern
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of continuous development, yet not providing the positive evidence needed
Library of Congress
Catalog Card Number 70-10648o to demonstrate a fundamental change of direction. It is hard to reach con
Printed in Great Britain by crete conclusions about such a period. The commonest course is to make
T. & A. Constable Ltd, Edinburgh inferences from later literature and oral traditions; it is a legitimate one,
and Alden & Mowbray Ltd, Oxford
since the traditions may contain much truth, and the ·literature is in some
cases not so much later. Indeed, by drawing a dividing-line across Greek
history at the end of the eighth century B c-a procedure which the archaeo
logical findings might seem to justify - it is possible to admit the earliest
extant written literature of Greece, the Homeric poems and the works
ascribed to Hesiod, as contemporary testimony for the preceding age, and
to draw on Late Geometric art for the same purpose.
But there is another possible approach: it is to examine the whole period
in chronological sequence, scrutinizing the evidence as it comes, assembling
the facts and endeavouring to face them. This sounds banal enough, but in
this instance it involves abandoning the normal priorities of the historian,
the literary scholar or the Classical archaeologist; for there is simply no
direct answer to the questions that they would naturally, and rightly, con
sider most important. This method also entails an almost obsessional
insistence on chronology. Much of the material that is available is trivial in
itself and ambiguous as to the conclusions that can be drawn from it; yet
this same material has some security as a basis for broader understanding of
Preface Preface
Vlll IX
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the period, in a sense in which no inference or analogy from better-known main work is in other fields of prehistory, and especially from my colleagues
periods or regions can be secure. Professor Stuart Piggott and Mr David Ridgway; and I gratefully acknow
Most scholars of this century have reached the conclusion that Greek ledge the help I received from Mr Joseph Alsop of Washington, ne, in the
civilization did pass through a true dark age, a time of some abjectness and formulation of hypotheses about the early spread of iron which are ad
gloom, during part or all of the period under consideration. That same vanced in Chapter 5.
conclusion is endorsed in this book, as my title suggests; it is based on the Several scholars have kindly provided me with photographs used in
evidence presently available, and it is always theoretically possible that their own publications: the late Mr J.K.Brock (nos. 10,39,4I, I2I, I22);
future discoveries will modify or radically detract from it. But it is, I think, Mr J. N. Coldstream (nos. I7,24,2),26,27, 3I, 36,37, 38,40,44,45,46,47);
a definite mistake to oppose such a conclusion on intuitive or even emo Mr V.R.d'A. Desborough (nos. I,22,23,30,35, )I, 53, I03); Dr L.H.
tional grounds, from the conviction that the Greek genius was too strong Jeffery (no. III ); Professor Carlo Panseri (nos.72 and 73); Mr D. W. R.
to have suffered such a setback. To those who also believe in the underlying Ridgway (no.48); Dr C.-G.Styrenius (nos.2 and 28); and Mr R. T.
continuity of the Greek people, from Mycenaean times and before, down Williams (no. I37). A number of others were generous enough to let me
into the Classical period, as I do, it is if anything a greater tribute to their publish illustrations from their excavations: Professor P. Amandry (no.
qualities to believe that catastrophe and recession on such a scale were 128); Mr J. Boardman (nos. uo, I 32, I 33 and colour plate rr); Dott. G.
endured and finally surmounted. Buchner (nos.49, 50,65, I09); Professor A. Cambitoglou (no. I34 );
Professor John L. Caskey (no. I I 8); Professor J. M. Cook and Mr R. V.
In writing of this period, at this time, several major disabilities and dis Nicholls (nos. II4 and II7); Professor Paul Courbin (nos.85, 96, 126);
advantages must be acknowledged. A casual glance at the preliminary Professor G. Kleiner (nos. 29 and I36); Professor L. Morricone (no. 34 );
notices of archaeological discoveries, particularly in Greek periodicals of Professor P.J.Riis and the Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen (nos. 54, 55);
the last few years, will show that new evidence on this period is coming to Mr Ph.Petsas (nos.33,6o,6I,62); Mr M.R.Popham (nos.9,32,IOI);
light at a bewildering speed. Modern building-operations have very often Mrs M. Seiradhaki (no. I I); and Professor Evelyn L. Smithson (no. 52 and
been responsible for these discoveries; but since we may expect (and, up to colour plater). I also owe much to Mr Ridgway and Mr J. Touratsoglou
a point, hope) that they will continue at the same pace, there is no real for their good offices in obtaining photographs; and I am delighted to
ground for thinking that the future will bring an opportune lull in which to thank Mrs Morna Simpson for drawing many of the text figures, and
take stock of the situation. An even more substantial objection is that pot Mr Waiter Cairns of the Edinburgh University Press for much patience,
tery forms the basis of the archaeological material of this period, and that tact and trouble.
the most fruitful approach to i~,hasalwaysbeen that of the pottery-specialist, A.M.SNODGRASS
in whose field I am ill-qualified. Here I can only re-emphasize my obvious
debt to the work of other scholars in this and other fields, and pay particular
tribute to those colleagues who have generously imparted their wisdom in
discussion as well as through their writings - Mr Vincent Desborough, Mr
Nicolas Coldstream, Mr John Boardman, Professor E. L. Smithson, Profes
sor John Cook and others; the enlightenment that I owe to them extends
far beyond the field of pottery. Without their help, I could not have begun
to write a work of this kind. I have also been perhaps too sparing in my
acknowledgements to the only recent book which has taken this whole
period as its central theme, Professor Chester G. Starr's perceptive and
sympathetic work of 1961, The Origins ofGreek Civili1_ation, which has been
a valuable guide throughout. I have learned much, too, from scholars whose
l
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Contents xi
3· THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY IRON AGE
IN GREECE I06
Primary Dates and the Attic Series I07
Other Evidence for Absolute Chronology 113
First Category II3
Second Category II7
Contents
Third Category I20
Absolute Dating I22
The Attic Series I22; The Argolid I24; Corinth 124
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Thessaly I25; Cyclades I25; Euhoea 126;
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Rest ofG reece I 3 I; Sicily: S. Italy I 33
List ofI llustrations p. xiv; List ofA hhreviations p. xxii Notes I36
z. THE CoNCEPT oF A DARK AGE I 4· THE GRAVE 140
The Literary Evidence 2 Principles of Classification I4I
Chronography IO Interpretation of Grave-evidence 143
Other Types of Evidence I6 Regional Developments 147
Notes 22 Attica I47; The Argolid and Corinthia I )I; Thessaly I 54;
Central Cyclades I 56; Elis I 57; Asia Minor I 57; Boeotia I 58;
THE REGIONAL PoTTERY-STYLES 24
2.
Euhoea, Northern Cyclades I 59; Phokis I 59; Macedonia I6o;
Terminology 25
The Dodecanese I63; Crete I64; Other Regions I7o;
The Latest Bronze Age Styles and the Problem
Epirus I72; Western Colonies I73
of Submycenaean 28
Conclusions I77
Qualities of the Submycenaean Style 34
(i) The Spread of Single Burial 177
The Subminoan Style 40
( ii) Skeletal Evidence I84
The Rise of Protogeometric and the Attic Series 43
(iii) The Changes in Rite I87
The Regional Groupipg of the Pottery Styles 55
( iv) Other Inferences I90
(i) The Early or 'Advanced' Styles 55
Notes 198
The Argolid 56; Corinth 58; Thessaly 61;
Appendix 202
The Central Cyclades 63; Elis 65; Asia Minor 66
( ii) The Later Derivative Styles 68 5. IRON AND OTHER METALS 2I3
Boeotia 69; Euhoea 7I; Phokis and Lokris 72; Technical Factors 2I3
Macedonia 73; Dodecanese 75; N. Cyclades 78; Crete 79 The Initial Spread of Iron-working 2I7
(iii) The Independent Styles 84 The Arrival of the Iron Age 228
Ithaka 84; Achaea 86; Messenia 87; Laconia 87 Protogeometric Attica 23I
The Remaining Regions 89 The Argolid 233
Arcadia 90; E. Aegean Islands 90; Sicily: S. Italy 9I Thessaly and Asia Minor 236
Hand-made Wares 94 The Hypothesis of Bronze-shortage 237
Notes 98
xii Contents Contents xiii
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Other Regions of Greece 239 Metalwork 324
Phokis 240 Cremation 326
Skyros 242 The Advent of Protogeometric 327
Dodecanese 242 Hand-made Pottery 329
The Ionian Islands: Achaea 243 The Revival of Communication 33°
Other Areas 24) The Final Emergence 336
Conclusions: Isolation and Stagnation 246 Notes 353
Crete, Macedonia and Epirus 249
:;. THE INTERNAL SITUATION 360
Crete 249
Decline: the 12th and earlier 1 Ith Centuries 360
Macedonia 249
Depopulation 36)
Epirus 2)7
The Earlier Geometric Period 261 Isolation:the later 11th and earlier 1oth Centuries 368
Attica 261 The Ionian Migration: Regional Diversity 373
The Argolid and Corinth 264 Agriculture 378
Crete 266 Intimations of Poverty 380
Political and Social Structure 386
The Later Geometric Period 268
The Homeric World 388
Fibulae and Pins 268
Defensive Armour 271 The Problem of Continuity in Religion and Art 394
The Beginnings of Recovery: the late 1oth to
Offensive Weapons 273
early 8th Centuries 402
The Finds from the Sanctuaries 27)
Diffusion of Pottery-styles 403
Stratigraphy 276
Attica 404
Evidence from Pottery 276
Regional Limitations 406
Analogous Metal Types 277
Architecture 408
Tripod Cauldrons 281
General Inferences 413
Notes 287
The Greek Renaissance: the middle and later
6. EXTERNAL RELATIONS 296 8th Century 416
The Evidence of Dialect and Tradition 299 Colonization 416
The Great Destructions 304 Representational Art 417
The Evidence for Foreign Invasion 30) Regional Patterns 419
The Dorian Hypothesis 311 Intercommunication 419
Alternative Explanations 312 Architecture 421
The Second Wave of Disturbances 313 Sacred Buildings 422; Domestic Architecture 423
The Evidence of the Cist-tomb 314 Historical Consciousness in Poetry and Art 429
The Evidence of Metal-types 317 Notes 437
The Significance of Metalwork in General 321 General Index 443
The Vardar Valley Invaders 322
Site Index 4)0
Retrospect 323
Pottery 324
I
Illustrations XV
16 Attic Protogeometric: high-footed skyphos from graven
at the Kerameikos, Athens. Dai Athen, Inst. Neg. 49
1J Four vases- oenochoe, cup, two kantharoi-from Agora
grave X x V I I at Athens. Courtesy oft he American School of
Classical Studies. 50
18 Attic Middle Geometric: pyxis from Geometric grave 69 at
Illustrations the Kerameikos, Athens. Dai Athen, Inst. Neg. 5I
19,20 Attic Late Geometric: two low-footed skyphoi from
Geometric grave 50 at the Kerameikos. Dai Athen, Inst. Neg. 51
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21 Attic Middle Geometric: pedestalled krater in the
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Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
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Photo. Metropolitan Museum. 53
22 Argive Protogeometric: belly-handled amphora from grave
1 The 'Close Style' of the Argolid in Mycenaean IIIC:
stirrup-jar from tomb 5 at Asine. 30 PG 601 at Mycenae. Courtesyofthe British School, Athens. 56
23 Argive Early Geometric: neck-handled amphora from grave
2 Later Mycenaean IIIC: stirrup-jar from Deiras chamber
tomb x xI x at Argos. 33 G 607 at Mycenae. Courtesy oft he British School, Athens. )8
24 Corinthian Middle Geometric: pedestalled krater from a
3 Submycenaean: amphoriskos from Submycenaean grave 47
grave in the Agora at Corinth. Courtesy oft he American
at the Kerameikos, Athens. Dai Athen, Inst. Neg. 35
School ofC lassical Studies. 59
4,5 The degeneration of a characteristic Mycenaean shape:
25 Corinthian Late Geometric: oenochoe from a well at
stirrup-jars from Submycenaean grave 8I and from
Corinth. Courtesy oft he American School ofC lassical Studies. 6o
Protogeometric grave I, at the Kerameikos, Athens.
26 Low-footed skyphos with pendent semicircles from a
Dai Athen, Inst. Neg. 36
grave on the island of Rheneia. 62
6,J Submycenaean: lekythos from grave 87 and oenochoe from
2J Thessalian Geometric: pedestalled krater of the local
grave I9, at the Kerameikos, Athens. 37
school of Marmariani in northern Thessaly. 63
8 Late Submycenaean bottle from grave 97 at the Kerameikos,
28 Elean Protogeometric: neck-handled amphora from a grave
Athens. 38
at Ancient Elis. 66
9 Later Mycenaean I I I c: bowl in the manner of the
29 Protogeometric at Miletus: two miniature oenochoai from
'Granary Class' fro~ a grave at Lefkandi in Euboea.
the settlement near the Temple of Athena. 67
Courtesyofthe British School, Athens. 39
30 Boeotian Protogeometric: neck-handled amphora from a
10 Subminoan: krater and jar from tomb ll of the Fortetsa
cemetery, Knossos. Courtesyofthe British School, Athens. 4I grave mound at V ranesi Kopai:dos. 69
31 Boeotian Early Geometric: oenochoe from a grave at
1 1 'Transitional': kalathos in the peculiar local style of Karphi
Orchomenos. 70
in east central Crete. Courtesy oft he British School, Athens 42
32 Euboean Late Geometric: oenochoe from the settlement
12 Attic Protogeometric: belly-handled amphora from
at Lefkandi. Courtesyofthe British School, Athens. 72
Pro~ogeometric grave I8 at the Kerameikos, Athens.
Photo. Hirmer Verlag. 45 33a,b ~acedonian imitation of Protogeometric; hand-made
13,14 Attic Late Protogeometric: lekythos from grave 40 and plthos from grave L x v A E at V ergina. 74
oenochoe from grave 48, at the Kerameikos, Athens. 34 A Protogeometric tomb-group from Kos, Serraglio tomb IO. 75
Dai Athen, Inst. Neg. 46 35 Rhodian, transition to Geometric: belly-handled amphora
15 The pottery from the double grave, Submycenaean I 14, from Marmaro grave 43 at Ialysos. 76
at the Kerameikos, Athens. Dai Athen,lnst. Neg. 47
XVl Illustrations lllus trations xvii
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36 Coan Late Geometric: oenochoe from Serraglio tomb 14, 55 Two sherds of Cycladic Late Geometric pottery found in
Kos. 76 the same stratum at Hama as the earlier pieces shown in
37 Rhodian Middle Geometric: pedes tailed krater from a no. 54· Courtesy ofN ationalmuseet, Copenhagen. Ill
grave at Kameiros. 77 56 Embossed decoration on an imported bronze bowl in
38 Rhodian Late Geometric: kotyle from Sellada grave I7 Geometric grave 42 at the Kerameikos cemetery, Athens.
on Thera. 78 After Ker. 5, I, 202, figure 5. 116
39 Cretan Protogeometric: stirrup-jar (with open spout) 57 Cross-sections of an urn-cremation: the rich female burial
from Fortetsa tomb XI at Knossos. Courtesyofthe British of c. 850 BC, found in the Athenian Agora in I967. After
School, Athens. 8o Hesperia 37, plate 18. Courtesy oft he American School of
40 East Cretan Geometric: krater from the settlement at Classical Studies. I45
Vrokastro. 81 58 A typical cist tomb of the Kerameikos cemetery, Athens,
41 Cretan 'Protogeometric B': projected scene of the decoration Submycenaean grave 46 (a woman's).
from a belly-handled amphora (no. 122) from Fortetsa Dai Athen, Inst. Neg. q8
tomb OD. Courtesyofthe British School, Athens. 83 59 Cross-sections of the main tomb-types at the Kerameikos,
42-4 Protogeometric lekythoi, from a grave at Medeon in Phokis Athens. After Da$/Neue Bild der Antike 1, ed. H. Berve,
and from the settlement at Aetas in Ithaka; and oenochoe Abb. 6. 149
from a grave at Derveni in eastern Achaea. Go A view of the tumulus cemetery at V ergina in Macedonia. I6o
42, photo. Ecole franfaise d' Athenes; 61 An adult male pithos-burial at Vergina, tomb LXV AN. 161
43, courtesy oft he British School, Athens. 85 62 A closer view of a rich female burial in a 'boulder-cist'
r.
45 Laconian Protogeometric: oenochoe from the Hero on at at V ergina, tomb LX V I62
Sparta. 88 63 Plans of two of the tholoi or vaulted chamber-tombs at
46 Laconian Late Geometric: fragmentary deep skyphos from Karphi. After BSA 38, plate 12. Courtesyofthe British
the Chalkioikos at Sparta. 88 School, Athens. I66
47 Samian Late Geometric: skyphos from the Samian Heraeum. 91 64 Plan of chamber-tomb XI at Fortetsa near Knossos.
48 Imported Middle Geometric skyphos, perhaps of Cycladic Courtesy oft he British School, Athens. 167
origin, from grave GG I4-15 at Veii in Etruria. 92 65 Excavations in progress at the necropolis of San Montana
49 Imported Corinthian kotyle of the earlier, hemispherical at Pithekoussai on Ischia. I74
shape; a sporadic find from Pithekoussai on Ischia. 92 66 Distribution map of cists, c. 1125-900 BC. 178
So Four of the vases frd'm tomb 233 at Pithekoussai on Ischia. 93 67 Distribution map of cists, c. I 500-1125 B c. I8I
51 Hand-made oenochoe of plain ware from grave Gl at 68 Distribution map of cremations, c. 1550-1125 BC I88
Mycenae. Courtesy oft he British School, Athens. 95 69 Distribution map of cremations, c. IIoo-9oo BC. 191
52 Hand-made pointed pyxis of fine incised ware from the 70 Terracotta model from Arkhanes in Crete.
rich grave found in 1967 in the Athenian Agora. Courtesy Photo. Hirmer Verlag. 193
oft he American School ofClassical Studies. 95 71 Attic Late Geometric pitcher in the collection of the
53 Spouted jar of Philistine ware from Aim Shems, imitating British School at Athens, from a grave in the Ky nosarges
earlier Mycenaean II 1 c pottery. Courtesy oft he Israel cemetery, Athens.
Department ofA ntiquities and Museums. 107 By permission oft he British School, Athens. I96
54 Five sherds of an Attic Middle Geometric krater, found at 72 Detail of an iron sword-blade from Vetulonia in Etruria. 215
Hama in Syria. Courtesy of Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen. 110 73 Restored cross-sections of sword from Vetulonia (no. 72 ). 217
74 Distribution map ofiron objects, c. 1100-900 BC. 2I8
XV111 Illustrations lllus trations XlX
:;5 Iron knife with bronze rivets from chamber-tomb VII of 9l (a) Large bronze fibula and (b) gilt iron pin, from
the Gypsades cemetery, Knossos. After BSA 53-4, 255, Geometric grave 41 at the Kerameikos, Athens. After
figure 32. Courtesyofthe British School, Athens. 219 j di 77, 106, Abb. 24. 262
:;6 Iron dagger from tomb XXVIII at Tiryns. After A M 78, 92 (a) Bronze pins and (b) bronze arched fibula, from grave
13, Abb. 8. 220 G 603 at Mycenae. After B SA 49, 242-3, figures 2-3.
:J:J Bronze shield-boss from tomb XXVIII at Tiryns. After Courtesy oft he British School, Athens. 264
A M 78, 13, Abb. 6. 220 93 Three iron spearheads from a single grave (XXIII) at
:;8 Two bronze spearheads from grave A at the Kerameikos, Tiryns. After A M 78, Beilage ;, 3· 26)
Athens. After Ker. I, Tafel 31. 223 94 Two iron spearheads from tomb Pat Fortetsa. After
:79 Two iron swords from the Kerameikos, Athens. (a) from Fortetsa, plate 171. Courtesy oft he British School, Athens. 266
Pro to geometric grave 2 North, (b) from Geometric 95 Bronze panoply from tomb 45 (Late Geometric) at Argos. 272
grave 13. Dai Athen, Inst. Neg. 223 96 Iron weapons from Late Geometric graves at Argos.
8o Small finds from Submycenaean grave 108 at the (a) Arrowhead, (b) short sword or dirk.
Kerameikos, Athens. 22) Photo. Ecole fran;aise d' Athenes. 273
8z Five types of bronze pin, occurring in Greek graves from 9:7 Iron spear-butt ( sauroter) from the Potters' Quarter at
the late 12th century BC onwards. After Deiras, plate 24, Corinth. By permission oft he American School of
6, 3 and ;, and] di 77, 86-7, Abb. 4, 11 and ), 1. 227 Classical Studies. 274
82 Iron pin with bronze globe from Protogeometric grave 38 98 Four bronze spearheads dedicated at Olympia.
at the Kerameikos, Athens. After] di 77, 99, Abb. 17, 2. 232 Dai Athen, Inst. Neg. 280
83 Cross-section of a male urn-cremation, Agora grave 99 Bronze tripod-cauldron (B1240) from Olympia.
XXVII. After Hesperia 21, 280, figure 2. Courtesy of the Dai Athen, Inst. Neg. 282
American School ofC lassical Studies. 234 zoo Clay copy of a tripod-cauldron from Protogeometric
84 Metal finds from the same grave as no. 83. After Hesperia grave 4 at the Kerameikos, Athens. Dai Athen, Inst. Neg. 284
21, 281, figure 3· 23) zoz Fragments of two clay moulds, probably for casting
85 Iron weapons from Argos. (a) dagger from Protogeo- tripod-legs, from the settlement at Lefkandi in Euboea.
metric tomb 184, (b) spearhead from Late Geometric Courtesy oft he British School, Athens. 28)
tomb 179· Photo. Ecole fran;aise d' Athenes. 236 102 Two bronze swords of the 'Griffzungenschwert' type, from
86 Bronze spearhead from tomb near the Museum, Delphi. chamber-tombs Band A respectively, at Kallithea in
After BCH 61, 49, figure 2. 240 western Achaea. Dai Athen, Inst. Neg. 306
8:; Bronze arched fibula and bracelet from a tomb-group now Z03 Bronze spearhead with flame-shaped blade in the
in Mainz and found in the 'northern Peloponnese'. After Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, said to have been found
CVA Main'{ 1, 14-15, Abb. 3, 8. 244 near Thebes. By courtesy oft he Ashmolean Museum. 306
88 Two bronze spearheads from the Protogeometric level at 104 Bronze embossed helmet-attachment from grave XXVIII
Amyklai in Laconia. After A M )2, 34, Abb. 17, 1. 246 at Tiryns. Dai Athen, Inst. Neg. 318
89 Bronze tripod-stand and small cauldron from tomb XI at zo5 Distribution map of cemeteries, c. 760-700 BC. 338
Fortetsa. After Fortetsa, plate 138. Courtesy oft he British zo6 Bronze decorated shield-facing from the Idaean Cave, Crete.
School, Athens. 2)2 Dal Athen, Inst. Neg. 340
90 Cross-sections and plan of the tumulus at V odhine in ZO:J Two bands of thin gold foil, decorated with zig-zag
Epirus. After BSA 62, 8o, figure 2A. CourtesyofProf. patterns, from Geometric grave 13 at the Kerameikos,
N. G. L. Hammond and the British School, Athens. 2)8 Athens. Dai Athen, Inst. Neg. 343
Illustrations xxi
Illustrations
XX
Restored section of the first fortification-wall at Old
108 Ivory figurine of a girl from grave XIII of the Dipylon 125 Smyrna. After B SA 53-4, 51, figure 7· Courtesy oft he
cemetery, Athens. Photo. Hirmer Verlag. 344
British School, Athens. 413
Two red serpentine seals of the 'Lyre-player' group, found
109 Fragmentary Argive Late Geometric krater, from the
in tombs 637 and 73, respectively, of the cemetery at 126
settlement at Argos. Photo. Ecole Jranfaise d' Athenes. 414
Pithekoussai on Ischia. 346
Frontal and profile views of a male figurine from Olympia.
Two bronze belt-handles of Anatolian type, dedicated in 127
110 Dai Athen, Inst. Neg. 418
the Harbour Sanctuary at Emborio on Chios. Courtesy of
the British School, Athens. 348 128 Bronze warrior found at Delphi. Photo. Ecole Jranfaise
d'Athenes. 418
1 1 1 (a) Late Geometric skyphos of East Greek fabric, found
in tomb 282 of the cemetery at Pithekoussai on Ischia, 129 Location map of sanctuaries, c. 760-700 BC. 420
Terracotta model of a rectangular temple from the Heraeum,
with an inscription in the Chalcidian alphabet. 130
(h) The inscription transcribed. Dai Rom. Inst. Neg. 351 near Argos. Photo. Hirmer Verlag. 422
Houses of Bench- and Megaron-types at Emborio, Chios.
112 Plan of part of the rebuilt Mycenaean IIIC settlement at 131
After Greek Emporia, figure 18. Courtesy ofthe British
Lefkandi in Euboea. After Excavations at Lefkandi,
figure 21. Courtesy oft he British School, Athens. 362 School, Athens. 424
Terracotta model of a house from the tholos tomb at
113 Distribution map of occupied sites, c. 1050-1000 B c. 366 132
Khaniale Tekke, near Knossos. After BSA 49, 221,
114 Plan and restoration of oval house of c. 900 BC at Old
Smyrna (R. V.Nicholls). 370 figure 5· Courtesyofthe British School, Athens. 425
The Megaron Hall at Emborio on Chios, from the north.
1 1S Plan of the settlement site at Vrokastro in East Crete. 133
Courtesy of the British School, Athens. 426
After Vrokastro, plate 18. 372
Zagora on Andros. View, from the north, of the central
Terracotta chest and lid decorated with model granaries, 134
116
from the rich grave found in the Athenian Agora in 1967. room of a housing complex. 427
Plan of the settlement at Zagora on Andros, as excavated
After Hesperia 37, plate 27. 135
Courtesy oft he American School ofC lassical Studies. 379 up to 1969. After Ergon 1967, figure 77, with additions. 428
Restored view of a circular structure, thought to be a 136 Miletus: a drain of the Geometric period. 430
117
granary, at Old Smyrna (R.V.Nicholls). 380 137 Fragments of an Attic Late Geometric krater, some of
The temple at Agia Irini on Keos, seen from the them now in Warsaw. 432
118
north-west ( 1964 ). 138 Detail of an Attic Late Geometric krater from the Dipylon
Courtesy oft he American School ofC lassical Studies. 396 cemetery, Athens (the Hirschfeld krater ). Photo. Hirmer
Clay rhyton in the shape of a stag, from Protogeometric Verlag. 433
119
grave 39 at the Kerameikos, Athens. Photo. Hirmer Verlag. 400
COLOUR PLATES
120-2 Original and derivative, c. 85o-8oo BC. 120, Attic Middle
Pair of gold earring-pendants from a female grave
Geometric amphora from Geometric grave 41 in the
discovered in the Agora, Athens, in 1967 facing 262
Kerameikos, Athens; a quite close Cycladic adaptation,
121,
found in tomb L at Fortetsa; 122, a free Cretan version, 11 Gold necklace from the tholos tomb at Khaniale Tekke
Fortetsa tomb on. 120, Photo. Hirmer Verlag; 121-2, near Knossos. facing 267
Courtesy of the British School, Athens. 405
Terracotta model of an apsidal temple or house, from
123
Well Fat the Heraeum, Samos. Dai Athen,Inst. Neg. 410
Plan of the Heraeum at Samos during the lifetime of the
124
earliest temple. After A M 55, 10, Ab b. 4· 411
Ahhreviations xxiii
CRh Clara Rhodos
CVA Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum
Deiras J.Deshayes, Argos, les Fouilles de la Deiras
(Etudes Peloponnesiennes 4, 1966)
Abbreviations E G A A.M.Snodgrass, Early Greek Armour and Weapons ( 1964)
EMF P.Alin, Das Ende der Mykenischen Fundstatten aufd em
Griechischen Festland (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 1, 1962)
+ + + E P Etudes Peloponnesiennes
+ + Ergon To "Epyov Tijs 'Apxaw>toytKfjs 'ETatpdas
+ FA Fasti Archaeologici
F G 0 Chr. Blinkenberg, Fihules grecques et orientales ( I 926)
A A Archaologischer Atqeiger ( suppl. to J di)
Fortetsa J. K. Brock, Fortetsa ( I957)
A A A Athens Annals oj'Archaeology
GB A E.T.Vermeule, Greece in the Bronze Age ( I964)
A AS 0 R Annual ofthe American Schools ofO riental Research
G G A Gottingische Gelehrte Anr_eigen
Act.A Acta Archaeologica (Copenhagen)
G GP J. N. Coldstream, Greek Geometric Pottery ( I 968)
AD 'Apxaw>toytKov L1A€ TLov
G 0 J .Boardman, The Greeks Overseas (I 964)
A E 'Apxaw>toytKTJ 'EcpYJfkp€ Ls
GP P.Jacobsthal, Greek Pins and their connections with Europe and
Agora ~he Athenian Agora.~· results ofe xcavations conducted hy the Asia (I956)
Amerzcan School ofC!asstca! Studies at Athens, 1-11 ( 1953-65)
G R B S Greek, Roman and Byr_antine Studies
A I RRS Acta Instituti Romani Regni Sueciae
Hesp. Hesperia
A]A American journal ofA rchaeology
H M H.L.Lorimer, Homer and the Monuments ( I950)
A] P AmericanjournalofPhilology
I M !stanhuler Mitteilungen
A M Mitteilungen des deutschen archiiologischen Instituts
j d! Jarhuch des deutschen archaologischen Instituts
Athenische Ahteilung '
J EA journal ofE gyptian Archaeology
Ann. Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di Atene
J H S journal ofH ellenic Studies
Ant. Antiquity
]RS journalofRomanStudies ··
Ant.] Antiquaries' Journal
Ker. W.Kraiker, K.Kiibler, Kerameikos, Ergehnisse der Ausgrahungen,
A R Archaeological Reports ( suppl. to j H S)
I-6, 2 (1939-70)
AS Anatolian Studies
LA A A Liverpool Annals ofA rchaeology and Anthropology
BA S 0 R Bulletin oft he American Schools ofO riental Research
LMS V.R.d'A.Desborough, The Last Mycenaeans and their
BC H Bulletin de Correspondance He/Unique
Successors ( I964)
BdA Bollettino d' Arte
M A M onumenti Antich i ( Reale Accademia dei Lincei)
BICS Bulletin ofthe Institute ofC lassical Studies, University ofL ondon Marh. WPr Marhurger Winckelmannsprogramm
Bjh Bonner ]ahrhiicher
ME F R Ecole fran<raise de Rome, Melanges Archiologie et d' Histoire
B SA Annual oft he British School at Athe~s MP A.Furumark, The Mycenaean Pottery~· Analysis and
CA H 2 Camhridge Ancient History, second edition Classification ( 1941)
CB MW H. W. Catling, Cypriot Bronr_ework in the Mycenaean N Se Notizie degli Scavi
World(1964)
0!. her. Bericht iiher die Ausgrahungen in Olympia, 1-8 ( 1937-67)
Ol.Forsch. Olympische Forschungen 1-6 ( 1944-66)