The CSCE Security Regime Formation: An Asian Perspective

248 Pages·1997·13.263 MB·English

by  Ki-Joon Hong (auth.)

THE CSCE SECURITY REGIME FORMATION
This page intentionally left blank
The CSCE Security
Regime Formation
An Asian Perspective
Ki-Joon Hong
Research Fellow
The Center for Asia-Pacific Studies
Kyung Hee University
Seoul
Korea
First published in Great Britain 1997 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG2l 6XS and London
Companies and representatives throughout the world
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-1-349-40049-2 ISBN 978-0-230-37990-9 (eBook)
DOl 10.1057/9780230379909
First published in the United States of America 1997 by
ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC.,
Scholarly and Reference Division.
175 Fifth Avenue, New York. N.Y. 10010
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hong, Ki-Joon, 1962-
The CSCE security regime formation : an Asian perspective I Ki-Joon Hong.
p. em.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
l. Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe ( 1972 :
Helsinki, Finland) 2. Security, International. 3. National
security-Europe. 4. Arms control-Europe. 5. Europe-Defenses.
6. Europe-Military relations. I. Title.
JX 1393.C65H664 1997
3 27 .l'7'094---dc20 96-41359
CIP
© Ki-Joon Hong 1997
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1997 978-0-333-68320-0
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made
without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with
written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by
the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W l P 9HE.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to
criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The author has asserted his rights to be identified as the author of this work in accordance
with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and
sustained forest sources.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 l
06 05 04 03 02 01 ()() 99 98 97
Contents
List of Tables vii
List of Figures ix
Acknowledgements x
List of Abbreviations xii
Introduction 1
1 An Analytical Framework 3
2 Phase I: Creation of the CSCE Security
Regime (Nov. 1972-Aug. 1975) 10
1. Brief Outline 10
2. Regime Creation 13
3. Regime Determining Factors 32
4. Contributions of the CSCE Security Regime to
European Security 42
3 Phase II: Development of the CSCE Security Regime
(Oct. 1977-May 1986) 48
1. Brief Outline 48
2. Regime Development 50
3. Regime Determining Factors 62
4. Contributions of the CSCE Security Regime to
European Security 72
4 Phase III: Transition of the CSCE Security Regime
(Nov. 1986-Nov. 1990) 78
1. Brief Outline 78
2. Regime Transition 81
3. Regime Determining Factors 100
4. Contributions of the CSCE Security Regime to
European Security 111
v
VI Contents
5 Phase IV: Transformation of the CSCE Security Regime
(1991-94) 119
1. Brief Outline 119
2. Regime Transformation 122
3. Regime Determining Factors 144
4. Contributions of the CSCE Security Regime to
European Security 155
6 A Comparative Analysis of the CSCE Security Regime
Formation (1972-94) 170
Conclusions 192
Appendix 199
Notes 201
Bibliography 217
Index 226
List of Tables
Table 2.1 Comparison of Different Positions in 'Prior
notification' (as of Oct. 1973) 28
Table 2.2 Comparison of Different Positions in 'Exchange
of observers' and 'other CBMs' (as of Oct. 1973) 28
Table 2.3 Prior Notification of Major Military Manoeuvres
Agreed upon in the Final Act 29
Table 2.4 Functions of the CSCE Security Regime in the
First Phase 32
Table 2.5 Military Power Concentration of the USA and the
USSR (1970-75) 34
Table 2.6 Distribution of Strategic Nuclear Weapon Arsenals
(1965-75) 35
Table 2.7 Implementation of the Helsinki CBMs, 1975-86
(NATO) 43
Table 2.8 Implementation of the Helsinki CBMs, 1975-86
(WTO) 43
Table 2.9 Implementation of the Helsinki CBMs, 1975-86
(N/N) 44
Table 3.1 CBM Proposals Tabled at the Belgrade Follow-up
Meeting 51
Table 3.2 The N/N CBMs Tabled at the Madrid Follow-up
Meeting 52
Table 3.3 Comparison of Helsinki CBMs and Stockholm
CSBMs 60
Table 3.4 Functions of the CSCE Security Regime in the
Second Phase 61
Table 3.5 Military Power Concentration of the USA and the
USSR (1976-86) 65
Table 3.6 Distribution of Strategic Nuclear Weapon Arsenals
(1976-86) 65
Table 3.7 Calendar, Advance Forecast and Observation
(1987-90) 73
Table 3.8 On-site Inspections of Military Activities (1987-90) 73
Table 4.1 Comparison of the NATO and WTO Positions in
Round III of the CFE Negotiations 91
vn
Vlll List of Tables
Table 4.2A Functions of the CSCE Security Regime in the
Third Phase 95
Table 4.2B Comparison of the First, the Second and the Third
CSBMs 96
Table 4.3 Distribution of Conventional Forces: from the
Atlantic to the Urals as of January 1988 103
Table 5.1 Functions of the CSCE Security Regime in the
Fourth Phase 143
Table 5.2 Distribution of Strategic Nuclear Forces as of
1 June 1993 147
Table 5.3 Treaty-limited Equipment in the Former Soviet
Republics Compared with Soviet Holdings in 1988 147
Table 5.4 The Activities of the HCNM in 1993-94 160
Table 5.5 Chronology of the CSCE's Involvement
in the Yugoslavian Crisis 167
Table 6.1 Changes in the Functions of the CSCE Security
Regime (1972-94) 172
Table 6.2 Changes in Regime Determining Factors (1972-94) 175
Table 6.3 The Contributions of the CSCE Security Regime
to European Security (1972-94) 185
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Regime Determining Factors 4
Figure 1.2 The CSCE Evolution and Change in International
Climate 5
Figure 5.1 The Valletta Mechanism 131
Figure 5.2 The Court of Conciliation and Arbitration within
the CSCE 132
Figure 5.3 The Berlin Mechanism 134
Figure 5.4 The Moscow Mechanism 137
Figure 5.5 The CSCE High Commissioner on National
Minorities 139
IX