The Cross and the Eucharist in Early Christianity: A Theological and Liturgical Investigation PDF
Preview The Cross and the Eucharist in Early Christianity: A Theological and Liturgical Investigation
TheCrossandtheEucharistinEarlyChristianity TheCrosswaspresentattheEucharistinearlyChristianityasanidea, agesture,andanobject.Overtime,thesedifferentactualizationsofthe quintessential symbol of Christianity have generated important questions about their meaning and function, among them: Is the Eucharist a meal and/or a sacrifice? Can the sign of the cross illuminate the absence of a Roman epiclesis? Is it pertinent – historically and theologically – to use an altar Cross? In this study, Daniel Cardó explores the relation between the Cross and the Eucharist. Offering a thorough and fresh reading of patristic and Roman liturgical texts, he identifies their emphases and common themes on the Cross and the Eucharist, and demonstrates their significancefortheliturgicaldebatesofrecentdecades. Daniel Cardó isAdjunct Assistant Professor ofPatristics, Sacraments, andHomileticsatSt.JohnVianneyTheologicalSeminaryandVisiting ProfessorofTheologyattheAugustineInstituteinDenver,Colorado. HeistheauthorofFaithintheThoughtofJosephRatzinger. The Cross and the Eucharist in Early Christianity A Theological and Liturgical Investigation DANIEL CARDÓ St.JohnVianneyTheologicalSeminary UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridgecb28bs,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108483230 doi:10.1017/9781108673501 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2019 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2019 PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyClaysLtd,ElcografS.p.A. AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData names:Cardo,Daniel,author. title:ThecrossandtheEucharistinearlyChristianity:atheologicalandliturgical investigation/DanielCardo. description:Cambridge,UK;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,2018.| Includesbibliographicreferences. identifiers:lccn2018035551|isbn9781108483230 subjects:LCSH:Lord’sSupper–History–Earlychurch,ca.30–600.|HolyCross– History.|Crosses–History.|Churchhistory–Primitiveandearlychurch,ca.30–600.| Liturgics–History. classification:lccbv823.c372018|264/.3609015–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018035551 isbn978-1-108-48323-0Hardback isbn978-1-108-71657-4Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Tomyparents,withloveandgratitude Before your eyes Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed as crucified. (Galatians3:1) Recognizeinthebreadwhathungonthecross,andinthecup whatflowedfromhisside. (St.AugustineofHippo) Wheneverthememorialofthissacrificeiscelebratedthework ofourredemptionisaccomplished. (Gelasiansacramentary) Contents Preface pageix ListofAbbreviations xi Introduction 1 I TheCrossandtheEucharistinPatristicSources 13 1 TheContinuityfromtheCrosstotheEucharist 15 2 TheCrossastheOriginoftheEucharist 24 3 TheIdentityoftheEucharisticFleshandBloodofChrist withtheFleshandBloodontheCross 34 4 TheSacrificeoftheCross 42 5 TheCrossattheEucharist:GestureandObject 53 II TheCrossandtheEucharistinRomanLiturgicalSources 67 1 TheEarlyRomanSacramentaries 68 2 TheRomanCanon 105 3 TheOrdinesRomani 116 III ContributionstoContemporaryDebates 133 1 TheUnityoftheLastSupperandtheCrossandthe DiscussionoftheEucharistasMeal 134 2 TheSignoftheCrossandtheProblemoftheRoman Epiclesis 142 3 TheHistoryandImportanceoftheAltarCross 149 Bibliography 158 Index 185 vii Preface ThesamemonthIembarkedonthisresearchprojectIwasentrustedwith the care of my parish. While not being part of my plans originally, and provingattimeschallenging,Iamgratefulforthespecificcircumstancesin whichthisbookmatured.Foritsmainquestions,ideas,andcontributions didnotdeveloponlyinlibraries,butalsointhesimplicityofdailypastoral life,inthemidstofcountlessconversations,projects,anddecisionsabout the sacred liturgy. I am convinced that these pages would read very differently had I not been writing and shepherding at the same time. Much of what might be good in them comes from so many encounters withgoodpeoplewhohungerfortheBreadofLifeandsilentlycarrythe crossesofdailylife. I am also keenly aware that this book would not exist had I not benefittedfromthegenerosityandguidanceofseveralscholars,especially Rev.UweMichaelLangandRev.PeterStravinskas.Iwanttorecognizeas well all the other friends and colleagues who have shared with me their knowledgeandinsights,showingmethebeautyofpartakinginacommon interest; particularly Petroc Willey, Sister Esther Mary Nickel, Rev. Richard Conrad, OP, Juliette Day, Martin Stone, Laurence Paul Hemming, Rev. Neil O’Donahue, Msgr. Stefan Heid, Andrew Cain, MaryMills,FelicityHarley-McGowan,andHarrySchnitker. I am also indebted to everyone at Maryvale Institute and at the Cardinal Stafford Library in Denver for their professional diligence. Veryspecialthanksaregiventothosewhoinsomecapacityhavereviewed mymanuscript,toKathleenBlumandespeciallytoGeraldineKelley,and totheeditorialteamatCambridgeUniversityPress;itiscomfortingtofind ix x Preface aplacewherekindnessandprofessionalismgotogethersowell.Thereare many others who have helped me in numerous ways throughout these yearsofworkandwhosenamesarenotmentionedhere–pleaseknowof mydeepestappreciationforyouandyourgenerosity. Finally,Iwanttoexpressmygratitudetomyparents,whotaughtmeto love God through their devotion to the Eucharist and adherence to the Cross;tomysiblings;tomyparishionersandstaffatHolyNameParishin Denver for theirconstant support; and tomy community brothers, who reverentlyhelpedmefindmomentsofquietstudyinthemidstofourmany apostoliclaborsandwerealwaysopentolistenwithinteresttomyideas andfindings. The sacred liturgy is, indeed, the source and summit of the life and missionoftheChurch.Ifthisconvictioninitiallymovedmetoinvestigate the connection between the Cross and the Eucharist, I can honestly say that after these years I am more certain than ever that there is, truly, nothing more important than the liturgy, and nothing more beautiful andcentralthantheEucharist.ForthereweencounterJesusChrist,and Himcrucified.Andthatisthebetterpart,theonenecessarything.
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