The Crisis of Church & State, 1050-1300 With Selected Documents

224 Pages·1964·36.753 MB·English

by  Brian Tierney

The author, Brian Tiemey, is a specialist in the history
of medieval Europe. Among his works are two books.
Foundations of the Conciliar Theory and Medieval
Poor Law, as well as numerous articles in leading
academic journals. Dr. Tierney was named a Fellow
at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton for
1961-62. In 1963 he was elected first Vice President
of the American Catholic Historical Association, and
in 1964 was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor
of Theology by Uppsala University, Sweden. He is
currently Professor of Medieval History at Cornell
University.
THE OF
CRISIS
&
CHURCH
STATE
10504300
Brian Tierney
unth selected documents
jJ^V PRENTICE-HALL, INC.
Englewood N.
Cliffs, /.
Robert Lee Wolff and Crane Brinton
General Editors
Copyright (c) 1964 by Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any
form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
Library of Corjgress Catalog Card Number: 64-2^0^2.
—
Printed in the United States of America C. P 19347, C 19348
FOREWORD
In the mid-1960s the student of human affairs finds himself impelled to
inquire into the origins of our present political and ecclesiastical arrange-
ments. He soon discovers that the two-and-a-half centuries between
the mid-eleventh and the early fourteenth saw a continuing conflict be-
tween western church and state in the field of practical politics, and heard
a continuing debate between the spokesmen of the two sides, as each strove
to find theoretical arguments to justify its policies or to lay claim to au-
thority. The struggle was so momentous that one may almost view it as
synonymous with the history of the period. At any rate, without an under-
standing of the shifting positions in the debate and of the relationship be-
tween political theory and what was actually going on, the student soon
comes to feel he understands nothing.
Yet he finds the subject complicated, the centuries long, the shifts in
argument and in power so subtle that they are hard to pinpoint, and many
books on the subject biased or confused. He would like to consult the men
of the time, to read what they said, to learn how they felt, to understand
them as they tried to justify each new position, to appreciate the real
arguments that often underlay the debate, to relate the debate to practical
politics. But their works are hard of access even in the original Latin, the
few existing translations are inadequate, the references obscure, the minds
of the debaters ver}^remote from his own.
It is to this problem that Professor Tierney so skillfully addresses himself
in this book. He brings together in clearly-translated prose the key passages
from the key original documents. He provides a guide to the thinking of the
men of the period between 1050 and 1300 by a brief introductory^ review
of the major arguments of the millennium before their time; so that the
reader will find himself able to understand the precedents that loomed as so
important for the debaters. Mr. Tierney has also WTitten brief introductions
to each series of selections, and has explained all references that seem ob-
scure. Though unobtrusive, these introductory passages are both scholarly
and objective.
Robert Lee Wolff
Professor of History
Harvard University

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to thank the following for permission to quote copyrighted
material:
G. Bell and Sons Ltd., for E. F. Henderson, Select Historical Documents (Lon-
don, 1892), pp. 329-333' 365-366, 405-408, 424-425-
Burns, Gates and Washbourne Ltd., for S. Z. Ehler and J. B. Morrall, Church
and State Through the Centuries (London, 1954), pp. 4rS-i4:> 48-49, 63-64, 77, 81,
86; Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theological trans, by Fathers of the English
Dominican Province, VII (London, 1915), pp. 9-15.
Cambridge University Press, for C. H. Monro, The Digest of Justinian, I (Cam-
bridge, 1904), pp. xxv-xxvi, xxxiii, 22.
Catholic University of America Press, for Catholic Historical Review, XXXII
(1946), pp. 200-202.
The Clarendon Press, for J. B. Moyle, The Institutes of Justinian (3rd ed., Ox-
ford, 1896), pp. 3-5.
Columbia University Press, for The Correspondence of Pope Gregory VII, trans,
by E. Emerton (New York, 1932), pp. 48-49, 52-53, 87-89, 90-91, 111-113, 149-
152, 166-175; Imperial Lives and Letters of the Eleventh Century, trans, by
T. E. Mommsen and K. F. Morrison (New York, 1962), pp. 150-153; Otto of
Freising, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, trans, by C. C. Mierow (New
York, 1953), pp. 146-148, 181-186, 193, 199-200; Pierre Dubois, The Recovery
of the Holy Land, trans, by W. I. Brandt (New York, 1956), pp. 167-169, 171-
174.
Constable and Co. Ltd., for L. G. Wickham Legg, English Coronation Records
(Westminster, 1901), p. 24.
Eyre and Spottiswoode Ltd., for D. C. Douglas and G. W. Greenaway, English
Historical Documents (London, 1953), p. 742.
Farrar, Straus & Company, Inc., for Dante, De Monarchia, trans, by D. Nicholl
(New York, 1954), pp. 8-11.
Alfred A. Knopf Inc. and Routledge Sc Kegan Paul Ltd., for E. Lewis, Medieval
Political Ideas (New York, 1954), pp. 566-574.
Oxford University Press, for H. Bettenson, Documents of the Christian Church
(New York, 1947), pp. 141-142, 159-161.
Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Toronto, for Thomas Aquinas, On
Kingship, trans, by G. B. Phelan and I. T. Eschmann (Toronto, 1949), pp. 3-7,
23-24.
The Translator for Bernard of Clairvaux, On Consideration, trans, by A Priest of
Mount Melleray, pp. 11, 17-18, 56-58, 119-121.
Unless otherwise noted, the author is responsible for translations.
vii
ABBREVIATIONS
Ehler and Morrall, S. Z. Ehler and J. B. Morrall, Church and State
Church and State Through the Centuries (London, 1954).
Emerton, Correspondence The Correspondence of Pope Gregory VII, trans,
by E. Emerton (New York, 1932).
Henderson, Documents E. F. Henderson, Select Historical Documents (Lon-
don, 1892).
MGH
Monumenta Germaniae Historica.
Migne, PL P. Migne, Patrologia Latina,
J.
Vlll
CONTENTS
Introduction i
THE FIRST THOUSAND YEARS
I.
1. The Church & the Roman State 7
Augustine: The Two Cities, ii; Gelasius I: Priesthood
and Kingship, i^
2. The Popes & the Frankish Monarchy i6
The Breach with Byzantium, ig; Pepin and the Papacy,
2o; The Donation of Constantine, 21; The Coronation
of Charlemagne, 22
3. Disintegration, Theocracy ^ Reform 24
The Founding of Cluny, 28; The Buying of a Bishopric,
2g; Royal Theocracy, 30; Reform Councils of Leo IX, ^i
THE INVESTITURE CONTEST
II.
1. Peter Damian & Humbert 33
Peter Damian, ^6; Humbert, 40; The Legislation of
lo^p, 42; The Norman Alliance, 44
2. The Program of Gregory VII 45
Moral Reform, 48; Papal Power, 4^; Feudal Lordship,
$0; Lay Investiture, $1
3. The Struggle with Henry IV 53
The Beginning of the Dispute, ^y; Canossa and the
Aftermath, 62; Gregory's Defense of His Policy, 66
4. The War of Propaganda 74
The "Anonymous of York," ^6; Manegold of Lauten-
bach, ^8; De Unitate Ecclesiae Conservanda, 80; Ivo
of Chartres, 82; Hugh ofFleury, 8^
ix
CONTENTS
5. The End of the Contest 85
Paschal II and Henry V, 8g; The Concordat of Worms,
pi; Bernard of Clairvaux, 92; Hugh of Saint Victor,
94
THE AGE OF THE LAWYERS
III.
1. The Imperial Policy of Frederick Barbarossa 97
Sovereignty and Law in the Corpus Juris Civilis, loi;
Barbarossa and the "Roman Senate" 10^; The Incident
at Besangon, 10^
2. Alexander III & the Empire 110
The Council of Pavia, 112; The Decree on Papal Elec-
tions, 11^; Letters of AlexanderIII, 11^
The
3. Decretists 116
The Heavenly and the Earthly Empires, up; The Dep-
osition of a King, 121; The Deposition of a Pope, 124
4. The Reign of Innocent III 187
Some Observations on Papal Power, i^i; Innocent and
the Empire, 755; Innocent and the Kingdoms, 1^4; Inno-
cent as Judge, 1^6
5. Frederick II & the Papacy 139
Gregory IX and the Donation of Constantine, 14^; The
Deposition of Frederick II, 144; Frederick's Reply, 14$;
A Defense of the Deposition, 14J
The
6. Decretalists 150
Innocent IV, 755; Hostiensis, 1^6
IV. ARISTOTLE & THE
NATIONAL STATE
1. The Kingdom & the Empire 159
The Kingdoms, 161; The Empire, 16^
CONTENTS XI
2. Thomas Aquinas 165
Society and Government, 16^; The Nature of Law, i6p;
Church and State, lyi
3. Boniface VIII & Philip IV: The First Dispute 172
Clericis Laicos, ly^; The Colonna Cardinals, lyS; The
Capitulation of the Pope, lyS
4. Boniface VIII & Philip IV: The Second Dispute 180
The Reopening of the Quarrel, 18^; Unam Sanctam,
188; The Attack on Boniface, ipo; Epilogue, ip2
5. The Growth of Political Thought 193
Giles of Rome, ig8; Disputatio inter Clericum et Mili-
tem, 200; Pierre Dubois, 20^; John of Paris, 206
Reading List 211