The Creation of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery

162 Pages·1985·5.431 MB·English

by  Blair O. Rogers M.D. (auth.), Mario González-Ulloa (eds.)

The Creation of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
The Creation of
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
Edited by
Mario Gonzalez-UIIoa
With 99 Figures
Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC
Mario Gonzâlez-Ulloa
Centro Medico Dalinde
Mexico City, Mexico D.F.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Main entry under title:
The Creation of aesthetic plastic surgery.
"These articles have appeared previously in Aesthetic plastic surgery":-Verso of t.p.
Contents: The development of aesthetic plastic surgery 1 Blair O. Rogers-The history of
blepharoplasty to correct blepharochalasis 1 Kathryn L. Stephenson-The history of rhytidectomy 1
Mario Gonzâlez-Ulloa-[etc.]
l. Surgery, Plastic-Addresses, essays, lectures. l. Gonzâlez-Ulloa, Mario.
RDll8.C74 1985 617'.95 85-17290
These articles have appeared previously in Aesthetic Plastic Surgery.
© 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1985 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. in 1985
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form without
written permission from Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even
if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as
understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely
by anyone.
While the advice and information of this book is believed to be true and accurate at the date
of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal
responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty,
express or implied, with respect to material contained herein.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 978-0-387-96218-4 ISBN 978-1-4757-4319-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-4319-7
Foreword
In the turmoil of everyday activity, when few surgeons have time or energy
for bibliographic research, the wonderful history of human endeavor runs
the risk of remaining buried in libraries.
Several years ago, a small group of enthusiasts was gathered together by
Mario Gonzalez-Ulloa to write the history of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. There
was the feeling among them that experience and knowledge should be shared
by all those who practice this art and this science, and that its creation and
progress would be alive and present with a chronicle of this surgical specialty.
Their chapters have been written. These chapters have appeared in Aes
thetic Plastic Surgery, but they are now collected in book form, and the
individual style of each author has been preserved. It is a thrilling story. It
is a compact information. Let it be our stepping-stone project in which past,
present, and future are fused into one.
Jack E. Davis
Past President of ISAPS
Preface
History is a narration of facts, a description of how individuals gave meaning
to facts, and an account of how human beings made facts a reality. Nothing
is more fascinating than the study of man and his circumstances, because
one has a direct bearing on the other. Through meaningful interaction the
two can impregnate each other with an idea and give it life, creating a new
concept, a new attitude, or even a new and different trend in the course of
history. Thus, from people's desire to possess beauty, man has created new
means for acquiring that sought after beauty. These means, in turn, have
broken open whole new spheres of insight which push knowledge forward
into unexplored fields of specialization, offering individuals formerly unknown
options in that everlasting search.
The Creation of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery is a story of discovery. It de
scribes how men explored and charted the realm of possibilities, bringing
into existence new activities which today-in our present age-constitute
an integrated geographical guide to the possible.
Many creative surgeons participated in creating the basis of the idea and
the structure of the possibilities. They were followed by others who, like
decorating the proverbial Christmas tree, have put their little glowing or
nament in place. Who put the original Christmas tree in place? Who continued
to decorate it while a new tree (another ideology) was being prepared? These
questions go to the heart and purpose of this narration of facts. A logical
consequence of the decorating process would be to make sure the tree did
not become confused with or take on the name of any one of the ornaments.
Nor should anyone reinvent an already developed process simply because
he ignores the facts concerning previous discoveries.
The Creation of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery has been prepared by a team
of individuals who readily responded to my call. They have worked together
to create an historical basis for our specialized field. Some of them have
worked over a period of many years gathering the materials which have
made this editorial collection possible. In alphabetical order they are: Jack
E. Davis, Jean Pierre Lalardrie, Frank McDowell, Roger Mouly, Paule Reg
nault, Blair 0. Rogers. and Kathryn L. Stephenson.
The decision to publish this collection of articles in Aesthetic Plastic Sur
gery, the organ of the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery,
was very carefully thought through. This is the first Aesthetic Surgery journal
in the world. It is also the magazine which best reaches the individuals who
most need this information. Furthermore, our decision is meant as a gesture
of brotherhood from this team which has worked so laboriously to contribute
viii Preface
a body of knowledge to a field which has been so controversial and mis
understood in the past.
Publication of this work in Aesthetic Plastic Surgery did not preclude its
publishing in book form. Quite the contrary: our intention has always been
to have the articles appear in this journal and then to publish them in the
form of a reference book. This will give the scholar an opportunity to collect
the history of his own times and endow himself with an accumulative edu
cation, thus giving form and substance to his experience.
While offering my congratulations to the colleagues who so willingly and
effectively responded to my call, I must also express my appreciation to the
editor, Blair Rogers, for his gracious understanding of our objectives and
his help in giving a material expression to those objectives. To all of my
colleagues I say, "Thank you." To the reader I say, "I trust you will find
in this history an echo of your own creative drives. I hope you will use this
narrative as a magnifying glass to augment and more clearly focus your own
possibilities."
Mario Gonzalez-Ulloa
Contents
Foreword Jack E. Davis v
Preface Mario Gonzalez-Ulloa vii
The Development of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery: A History [1 :3-24]
Blair 0. Rogers
The History of Blepharoplasty to Correct Blepharochalasis
[1: 177-194] Kathryn L. Stephenson 23
The History of Rhytidectomy [4: 1-45] Mario Gonzalez-Ulloa 41
History of Rhinoplasty [1:321-348] Frank McDowell 87
History of the Aesthetic Surgery of the Ear [2:75-94]
Jack E. Davis with the assistance of Horacio H. Hernandez 115
History of Mammaplasty [2: 167-176] J.P. Lalardrie and
R. Mouly 135
The History of Abdominal Dermolipectomy [2: 113-123]
Paule Regnault 145
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 1 :3-24, 1976
c 1976 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
The Development of Aesthetic Plastic
Surgery: A History
Blair 0. Rogers M.D.
New York, New York
"Do you set down your name in the scroll of youth, that are written down old with all the
characters of age? Have you not a moist eye, a dry hand, a yellow cheek, a white beard, a
decreasing leg, an increasing belly? Is not your voice broken, your wind short, your chin double,
your wit single, and every part about you blasted with antiquity? And will you yet call yourself
young?"
William Shakespeare
Henry IV, Part II, 2, 204 (62)
ABSTRACT I Aesthetic plastic surgery had its origins, probably with Dieffen
bach, in the mid-1800's. In its earliest stages great use was made of external
incisions in the facial region, which were obvious to the casual observer. Yet
the true beginning of aesthetic plastic surgery as we know it today, was not
until 1887, when John Orlando Roe introduced an intranasal corrective
operation on the nose. From that time onward, aesthetic plastic surgery
developed in a fascinating manner over the subsequent decades to become
the fine scientific art we take for granted today.
Our modern definition of the scope of aesthetic (cosmetic) surgery more often than not
concerns itself with the idea that this surgery is chiefly performed on the face and neck,
and then to a much lesser degree on the breast region, and finally to an even smaller degree
on the abdomen, buttock, and thigh regions. The purpose of this article will be to review
briefly the beginnings of aesthetic surgery as we know it today, and because of the historic
nature of things, it will deal largely and specifically with aesthetic surgery of the facial
region. Subsequent articles in this new journal will describe the historic development of
aesthetic breast, abdomen, torso, and extremity surgery.
If one wishes to create from the standpoint of medical history the category of a "medi
cal first" in the field of aesthetic plastic surgery, without becoming too overly involved in
the problem of historic semantics, we can probably trace the concept of aesthetic plastic
surgery to J. F. Dieffenbach (1792-1847) (Fig. 1). Many considered Dieffenbach the
most skillful plastic surgeon in the mid-nineteenth century, and his reputation was so great
that when he visited Paris all the hospitals were made available to him for his surgery (8,
31). For narrowing thick nostril walls, for example, Dieffenbach advised cutting out small
Address reprint requests to Blair 0. Rogers, M.D., 875 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10021.
1
4 B.O. Rogers
Fig. 1. Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach (1792-184 7). (Courtesy of Dr. V. J.
Bernbeck.)
punched-shaped pieces of skin and cartilage, reducing their thickness by tension of the
skin closure (Fig. 2). He also removed externally a vertical and horizontal piece of skin
and subcutaneous tissue bilaterally, with the skin closure reducing the size of an overly
large nose (Fig. 3). His method of raising a flattened or depressed nasal tip through an
external incisional approach is seen in Figure 4.
The use of external incisions for any and all nasal corrective (aesthetic) or reconstruc
tive surgery was routine in the mid-nineteenth century, and any thought of an intranasal
approach seems to have escaped the surgeons of that era and did not have its origins until
the paper of Roe (54) in 1887. The history of corrective (aesthetic) surgery cannot, how
ever, be divorced from the history of reconstructive plastic surgery. Even today one is
reminded daily how interwoven these two types of surgery are and always have been. A
quote from Gillies' and Millard's classic textbook (13) is appropriate here:
Di£FF£NBACH M>:THOD.
Fig. 2. Dieffenbach's method of narrowing thick nostril walls by the excis1on of
small punched-shaped pieces of skin and cartilage. (From ref. 28, p. 467 )
2