The CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering, Second Edition (Handbook Series for Mechanical Engineering) PDF
Preview The CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering, Second Edition (Handbook Series for Mechanical Engineering)
CRC HANDBOOK The of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SECOND EDITION © 2005 by CRC Press LLC The Mechanical Engineering Handbook Series Series Editor Frank Kreith Consulting Engineer Published Titles Air Pollution Control Technology Handbook Karl B. Schnelle, Jr. and Charles A. Brown Computational Intelligence in Manufacturing Handbook Jun Wang and Andrew Kusiak Fuel Cell Technology Handbook Gregor Hoogers Handbook of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Jan F. Kreider Hazardous and Radioactive Waste Treatment Technologies Handbook Chang Ho Oh Inverse Engineering Handbook Keith A. Woodbury Opto-Mechatronic Systems Handbook: Techniques and Applications Hyungsuck Cho The CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering, Second Edition Frank Kreith and D. Yogi Goswami The CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering Frank Kreith The Handbook of Fluid Dynamics Richard W. Johnson The MEMS Handbook Mohamed Gad-el-Hak Biomedical Technology and Devices Handbook James Moore and George Zouridakis Forthcoming Titles Multi-Phase Flow Handbook Clayton T. Crowe Shock and Vibration Handbook Clarence W. de Silva © 2005 by CRC Press LLC CRC HANDBOOK The of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SECOND EDITION Edited by Frank Kreith and D. Yogi Goswami CRC PR ESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. © 2005 by CRC Press LLC 0866_C00.fm Page iv Tuesday, August 10, 2004 5:04 PM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The CRC handbook of mechanical engineering / edited by Frank Kreith, Yogi Goswami. – 2nd ed. p. cm. — (Mechanical engineering handbook series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-0866-6 (alk. paper) 1. Mechanical engineering—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Kreith, Frank. II. Goswami, D. Yogi. III. Series. TJ151.C73 2004 621.3—dc22 2004051970 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $1.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-0866-6/05/$0.00+$1.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2005 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-0866-6 Library of Congress Card Number 2004051970 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper © 2005 by CRC Press LLC 0866_C00.fm Page v Tuesday, August 10, 2004 5:04 PM Preface The purpose of the second edition of the CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering is to continue providing practicing engineers in industry, government, and academia with up-to-date information on the most important topics of modern mechanical engineering. The book covers traditional topics such as thermodynamics, solid and fluid mechanics, heat and mass transfer, materials, controls, energy con- version, manufacturing and design, robotics, environmental engineering, economics and project man- agement, patent law, and transportation. These topics were covered in the first edition, but they have been updated, new references have been added, and efforts have been made to provide information on computer technology related to the topics at the end of each chapter. But in the 10 years since the first edition of this handbook was published, changes have taken place in engineering and technology and additional topics that were not treated in the first edition have come to the fore. To bring the new edition up-to-date, chapters on topics such as nanotechnology, MEMS, electronic packaging, global climate change, electric and hybrid vehicles, and bioengineering have been added. Moreover, the editorial supervision for the second edition has been broadened by the addition of Yogi Goswami as co-editor. In a work of the size of the second edition of this handbook, it is unavoidable that certain errors or omissions may have occurred. Therefore, the editors appreciate the readers calling any of these short- comings to their attention and every effort will be made to correct them. We also welcome continuous feedback from readers about topics that may have been omitted and should be considered for inclusion in future editions of this work. The editors would like to thank all the contributors, as well as the CRC staff, especially Helena Redshaw, Jessica Vakili, Cindy Carelli, and Susan Fox, for their assistance in the preparation of this handbook. Frank Kreith [email protected] D. Yogi Goswami Goswami@ufl.edu © 2005 by CRC Press LLC 0866_C00.fm Page vii Tuesday, August 10, 2004 5:04 PM Editors Dr. Frank Kreith is Professor Emeritus of Engineering at the University of Colorado, Boulder. From 1998 to 2001 he served as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers [ASME] International Legislative Fellow for Energy and Environment at the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) where he provided assistance on energy, transportation, and environmental protection to legislators in all 50 state governments. Prior to joining NCSL in 1988, Dr. Kreith was the Chief of Thermal Research at the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), currently the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. During his tenure at SERI, he participated in the Presidential Domestic Energy Review, served as an advisor to the Governor of Colorado, and was the editor of the ASME Journal of Solar Energy Engineering. In 1993, he received the first General Achievement Award from SERI. From 1951 to 1977, Dr. Kreith taught at the University of California, Lehigh University, and the University of Colorado. He is the author of over 100 peer-reviewed articles and the author of textbooks on heat transfer, solar energy, and transportation. He is the recipient of the Charles Greeley Abbot Award from ASES and the Max Jakob Award from ASME-AIChE. In 1992, he received the Ralph Coats Roe Medal from ASME for providing technical information to legislators about energy conservation and environmental protection, and in 1997 the Washington Award for “unselfish and preeminent service in advancing human progress.” In 1998, Dr. Kreith was awarded the ASME medal for research, publications, and public service. Dr. Kreith has served as a consultant and advisor all over the world. His assignments include consul- tancies to Vice Presidents Rockefeller and Gore, the U.S. Department of Energy, NATO, the U.S. Agency for International Development, and the United Nations. He is a registered professional engineer, a Life Fellow of ASME and a Fellow ASES and the American Association for the Advancement of Science [AAAS]. D. Yogi Goswami, Ph.D., P.E., is a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering and Director of the Solar Energy and Energy Conversion Laboratory at the University of Florida, Gainesville. Dr. Goswami is internationally known for his research in fundamental and applied areas of renewable energy. He has published as an author or editor 7 books, 12 book chapters, 4 conference proceedings, and more than 100 refereed technical papers. He also holds 5 U.S. patents and 1 worldwide patent. In 2001 he received the University of Florida’s award of Research Foundation Professor. Dr. Goswami is the Editor-in-Chief of Advances in Solar Energy: An Annual Review of the Developments in Solar Energy, published by the American Solar Energy Society (ASES). He is also the Editor-in-Chief of the Solar Energy journal, published by the International Solar Energy Society (ISES) and a past associate editor of the ASME Journal of Solar Engineering. Dr. Goswami has chaired a number of task forces to advise the U.S. Congress and the federal administration on energy policy. He has also made oral presen- tations on behalf of ISES to the United Nations charrette on world sustainable energy. © 2005 by CRC Press LLC 0866_C00.fm Page viii Tuesday, August 10, 2004 5:04 PM Dr. Goswami is a recognized leader in professional scientific and technical societies. He is the President of ISES and a member of the Board of Governors of the ASME International. He has also served as Senior Vice President of ASME-International (2000–2003), President of the International Association for Solar Energy Education (IASEE, 2000–2002), and a member of the Board of Directors of ISES (2000–2002). He has also served as a Vice President for Energy Resources Board of ASME-International (1989–1993), Vice President of IASEE (1998–2000), and a member of the Board of Directors of ASES (1996–2000). Dr. Goswami is a recipient of the John Yellott Award for Solar Energy from ASME and the Charles Greely Abbott award of the ASES, and more than 20 other awards from engineering and scientific societies. He is a registered professional engineer and a fellow of ASME International and ASES. © 2005 by CRC Press LLC 0866_C00.fm Page ix Tuesday, August 10, 2004 5:04 PM Contributor List Elsayed M. Afify Richard Bajura Kenneth B. Black North Carolina State University West Virginia University University of Massachusetts Raleigh, North Carolina Morgantown, West Virginia Amherst, Massachusetts Talyan Altan William W. Bathie Carl J. Bliem (Deceased) Ohio State University Iowa State University CJB Consulting Columbus, Ohio Ames, Iowa Robert F. Boehm William F. Ames University of Nevada Kenneth J. Bell Georgia Institute of Technology Las Vegas, Nevada Oklahoma State University Atlanta, Georgia Stillwater, Oklahoma E. Richard Booser David C. Anderson Consultant Dale E. Berg Purdue University Vero Beach, Florida Sandia National Laboratories West Lafayette, Indiana Albuquerque, New Mexico Michael L. Brown Harley-Davidson Vincent W. Antonetti Stanley A. Berger Milwaukee, Wisconsin Consultant University of California Poughkeepsie, NY Berkeley, California Matthew Buczek General Electric R & D Center Nagaraj K. Arakere Schenectady, New York University of Florida Arthur K. Bergles Gainesville, Florida Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute George Cain Troy, New York Georgia Institute of Technology Anthony F. Armor Atlanta, Georgia Electric Power Research Desikan Bharathan Institute National Renewable Energy Massimo Capobianchi Palo Alto, California Laboratory Gonzaga University Golden, Colorado Spokane, Washington Roger E. A. Arndt University of Minnesota Bharat Bhushan Van P. Carey Minneapolis, Minnesota Ohio State University University of California Columbus, Ohio Berkeley, California Barbara Atkinson Lawrence Berkeley National Stephen M. Birn Tien-Chien Chang Laboratory Moog Inc., Aircraft Group Purdue University Berkeley, California Torrance, California West Lafayette, Indiana © 2005 by CRC Press LLC 0866_C00.fm Page x Tuesday, August 10, 2004 5:04 PM John C. Chen Philip C. Crouse Steven I. Freedman Lehigh University Philip C. Crouse and Associates Gas Research Institute Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Dallas, Texas Deerfield, Illinois Liang-Yu Chen Peter S. Curtiss Mohamed Gad-el-Hak Ohio Aerospace Institute Curtiss Engineering Virginia Commonwealth NASA Glenn Research Center Boulder, Colorado University Cleveland, Ohio Richmond, Virginia Mark R. Cutkosky Stanford University Stuart W. Churchill Sumit Ghosh Stanford, California University of Pennsylvania Stevens Institute of Technology Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Andrea Denver Hoboken, New Jersey Lawrence Berkeley National Bhuvenesh C. Goswami Wendy Clark Laboratory Clemson University National Renewable Energy Berkeley, California Clemson, South Carolina Laboratory Golden, Colorado Kenneth R. Diller D. Yogi Goswami University of Texas University of Florida Robert Clear Austin, Texas Gainesville, Florida Lawrence Berkeley National John Fildes Laboratory Northwestern University Hank Grant Berkeley, California Evanston, Illinois University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma Hugh W. Coleman John Firor University of Alabama National Center for Atmospheric Victor A. Greenhut Huntsville, Alabama Research Rutgers University Boulder, Colorado East Brunswick, New Jersey H.E. Cook University of Illinois at Urbana- William F. Fischer, III Gregory W. Hall Champaign Lanxide Corporation University of Virginia Urbana, Illinois Newark, Delaware Charlottesville, Virginia John M. Fitzgerald Nevis E. Cook, Jr. Ronald R. Hewitt Cohen University of Texas Colorado School of Mines Colorado School of Mines Fort Worth, Texas Golden, Colorado Golden, Colorado Jean-Pierre Fleurial Jeff R. Crandall California Institute of K.G.T. Hollands University of Virginia Technology University of Waterloo Charlottesville, Virginia Duarte, California Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Malcolm J. Crocker Dan M. Frangopol Trevor D. Howes Auburn University University of Colorado University of Connecticut Auburn, Alabama Denver, Colorado Storrs, Connecticut © 2005 by CRC Press LLC
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