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| The Counterinsurgent Imagination Counterinsurgency, the violent suppression of armed insurrection, is among the dominant kinds of war in contemporary world politics. Often linked to protecting populations and reconstructing legitimate political orders,ithasappearedinothertimesandplacesinverydifferentforms– and has taken on a range of politics in doing so. How did it arrive at its present form, and what generated these others, along the way? Spanning several centuries and four detailed case studies, The Counterinsurgent Imagination unpacks and explores this intellectual history through counterinsurgency manuals. These military theoretical and instructional texts, and the practitioners who produced them, made counterinsurgency pos- sibleinpractice.Byinterrogatingtheseprocesses,thisbookexplainshow counter-insurrectionarywareventuallytookonitslatetwentiethandearly twenty-firstcentury forms. It showshow and whycounterinsurgent ideas persist,despiterecurringfailures. josephmackayisafellowintheDepartmentofInternationalRelations, Coral Bell School of Asia Pacific Affairs, Australian National University. He works on historical international security, international hierarchies, andthehistoryofinternationalthought. lse international studies series editors StephenHumphreys(LeadEditor) DepartmentofLaw,LondonSchoolofEconomics GeorgeLawson DepartmentofInternationalRelations,AustralianNational University KirstenAinley CollegeofAsiaandthePacific,AustralianNationalUniversity AyçaÇubukçu DepartmentofSociology,LondonSchoolofEconomics ImaobongUmoren DepartmentofInternationalHistory,LondonSchoolofEconomics Thisseries,publishedinassociationwiththeCentreforInternationalStudiesat theLondonSchoolofEconomics,iscentredonthreemainthemes.First,theseries isorientedaroundworkthatistransdisciplinary,whichchallengesdisciplinary conventions and develops arguments that cannot be grasped within existing disciplines. It will include work combining a wide range of fields, including internationalrelations,internationallaw,politicaltheory,history,sociologyand ethics.Second,itcomprisesbooksthatcontainanovertlyinternationalortrans national dimension,but notnecessarilyfocusedsimplywithinthedisciplineof InternationalRelations.Finally,theserieswillpublishbooksthatusescholarly inquiryasameansofaddressingpressingpoliticalconcerns.Booksintheseries maybepredominantlytheoretical,orpredominantlyempirical,butallwillsay somethingofsignificanceaboutpoliticalissuesthatexceednationalboundaries. Previousbooksintheseries: CultureandOrderinWorldPoliticsAndrewPhillipsandChristian ReusSmit(eds.) OnCulturalDiversity:InternationalTheoryinaWorldofDifference ChristianReusSmit SocioeconomicJustice:InternationalInterventionandTransitioninPostwar BosniaandHerzegovinaDanielaLai TheWorldImagined:CollectiveBeliefsandPoliticalOrderintheSinocentric, IslamicandSoutheastAsianInternationalSocietiesHendrikSpruyt HowtheEastwasWon:BarbarianConquerors,UniversalConquestandthe MakingofModernAsiaAndrewPhillips BeforetheWest:TheRiseandFallofEasternWorldOrdersAyşeZarakol The Counterinsurgent Imagination A New Intellectual History joseph mackay AustralianNationalUniversity ShaftesburyRoad,CambridgeCB28EA,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314 321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi 110025,India 103PenangRoad,#05 06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore238467 CambridgeUniversityPressispartofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment, adepartmentoftheUniversityofCambridge. WesharetheUniversity’smissiontocontributetosocietythroughthepursuit ofeducation,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781009225816 DOI:10.1017/9781009225847 ©JosephMacKay2023 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisions ofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytake placewithoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment. Firstpublished2023 AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN9781009225816Hardback ISBN9781009225823Paperback CambridgeUniversityPress&Assessmenthasnoresponsibilityforthepersistence oraccuracyofURLsforexternalorthirdpartyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhis publicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwill remain,accurateorappropriate. For my parents Contents Acknowledgments page viii 1 Introduction 1 2 Counterrevolutionary War, Early Modernity toPresent 37 3 Johann Ewald in America 89 4 C. E. Callwell and the British Empire 120 5 David Galula inAlgeria 156 6 Field Manual 3-24 and the Iraq War 193 7 Conclusion 230 References 248 Index 301 vii Acknowledgments It is difficult to know where to begin settling one’s debts in a project like this, which has acquired a long and circuitous history of its own. This book has its roots in a doctoral dissertation at the University of Toronto, supervised by a committee comprising Janice Gross Stein, Steven Bernstein,andLouisPauly.Allhavemythanks,asdoesLilach Giladywhowasonthecommitteeinitsearlierstages;withoutherhelp the project would not likely have begun. Beyond the committee, the dissertation was examined by Matthew Hoffmann and Richard Stubbs. This book is not, by a wide measure, the dissertation they oversaw, in argument or in spirit. I hope they all nonetheless see somethingoftheirinfluenceinitnow.Thebookwouldnothavecome into being without them, and they have my gratitude for making it possible. At the University of Toronto I also owe many and varied debts of thanks to Edward Schatz, Emanuel Adler, Ronald Beiner, Ryan Balot, Rebecca Kingston, and Nancy Bertoldi, among other members of faculty who helped me through the program in a variety ofways.Mydoctoralresearchwassupportedinpartbyfundingfrom the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the OntarioGraduate Scholarship. InmorewaysthanIcancount,Iwould nothavesurvivedgraduate school without a close peer group. I would like to name especially Jamie Levin, Chris LaRoche, Simon Pratt, Evan Rosevear, Kiran Banerjee, Abe Nasirzadeh, Kate Korycki, Craig Smith, Cliff Smith, David Polansky, David Zarnett, Anne Staver, Alena Drieschova, Joelle Dumouchel, Maïka Sondarjee, Gustavo de Carvalho, Kristin Cavoukian, Ross Cuthbert, Suzanne Hindmarch, Larissa Atkison, Aarie Glas, Jordan Guthrie, Andrew McDougall, Lindsay Mahon Rathnam, Lincoln Rathnam, Wayne Dealy, Troy Lundblad, and many, many others whom I know I am now forgetting. They were invaluable sources of company, consolation, and moral support over the excess of years I spent in the program. Several have become viii Acknowledgments ix coauthors in other works. I owe them all my gratitude and (I hope) continuedfriendship.IalsospentmyyearsattheUniversityofToronto asateachingassistant,andthusasamemberoftheCanadianUnionof Public Employees, Local 3902 (CUPE3902). CUPE3902 was a source of education and inspiration for me, in ways that in truth I had not expected.InthelastyearofmyPhD,theLocalwentonstrike.Welive andworktodayinatimeofcontestedlaborrightsforgraduatestudent workers. Graduate student labor unions are important, contested, perhaps imperfect but, in the end, extraordinary organizations. As professional academics, theydeserve our support. Ispentthe2015–2017academicyearsasapostdoctoralfellowatthe Harriman Institute, Columbia University. Alexander Cooley was an unfailing host and mentor. Alla Rachkov and the Harriman faculty andstaffmademefeelwelcomeandhelpedmeinmorewaysthanIcan now recall. I would also like to thank my fellow postdocs, including Louisa McClintock, Rune Steenberg, Nikolas Drosos, Robin Brooks, FranziskaKeller,EdLemon,YanaGorokhovskaia,andarotatingcast of others, who were excellent sources of friendship, commiseration, and much else besides. My two years at Columbia were funded by a SocialSciencesandHumanitiesResearchCouncilofCanadapostdoc- toral fellowship and by the inordinate additional generosity of the Harriman Institute. I will be eternally grateful to both for keeping me afloat during the first two uncertain years out of myPhD. I have spent the time since then at the Department of International Relations (IR) in the Coral Bell School of Asia Pacific Affairs, AustralianNationalUniversity(ANU).Itisdifficulttoimagineabetter first academic post, full of friendly, thoughtful colleagues. Work on this book has spanned the terms in office of two department heads, Matt Davies andWesWidmaier, bothofwhomhavebeen supportive themselves and have fostered an equally supportive departmental environment. Among my colleagues, I’d like to particularly name Ben Zala,LukeGlanville,CianO’Driscoll,MariaTanyag,GeorgeLawson, Kirsten Ainley, Jeremy Youde, Bina D’Costa, Cecilia Jacob, Bill Tow, Lorraine Elliott, Ben Day, David Envall, Ellen Ravndal, and Nicolas Lemay-Hébert, though there have certainly been more. ANU’s IR Department also has excellent PhD students, among them Michael Varnay and Nicola Mathieson, in whose training I’ve been lucky to be involved. Both have, I hope, illustrious academic careers ahead of x Acknowledgments them. More broadly, my students in the Master of International Relations program have been a source ofongoing inspiration. A project like this inevitably has many readers, in part or in whole, over its lifespan – many of them named above. Beyond my PhD committee and examiners, three stand out. Simon Pratt read most of theprior dissertation(some parts more than once)and thebeginnings ofthebookmanuscript.CianO’Driscollreadthefirstseveralchapters of the manuscript and the conclusion. George Lawson read the whole thing, shortly before submission. All provided incisive, thoughtful, and, above all, helpful feedback. While no part of the project has previously appeared in print, precursors of two chapters did make it ontotheconferencecircuit.PhilipPotter(atthe2012MidwestPolitical Science Association Annual Conference) and Jeffrey Knopf (at the 2015 American Political Science Association Annual Meeting) read distant precursors of Chapters 4 and 6, respectively. While I doubt they would recognize the cases in their current forms, they have my gratitude for reading and commenting on my especially early and exploratory drafts. Cambridge University Press’s (CUP) two anonym- ous reviewers were careful, rigorous, insightful, and, above all, gener- ousreaders.Ihopesomedaytothanktheminperson.Icanimagineno better home for the book than the LSE International Studies series. Stephen Humphreys, George Lawson, Kirsten Ainley, Ayça Çubukçu, and Imaobong Umoren deserve enormous credit as editors for what they have created. They also deserve thanks for the patience with which they waited for a much-delayed manuscript. At CUP, John Haslam John Haslam, Tobias Ginsberg, Jessica Norman, Franklin Mathews Jebaraj, and everyone else at CUP were unfailingly helpful and supportive. Robert Dunkelberger, at the Joseph P. Tustin papers, Bloomfield University, Pennsylvania, kindly supplied the cover image, fromJohannEwald’sdiaries.ChristineRanft’scopyeditingwashelpful and,more importantly, spotless (errorsare strictly my own). Finally, I want to thank my family: my mother Jane, my father Douglas, her sister Liz Murray and late sister Judy Murray,my eldest brother Stephen, my stepmother Catherine Jackman, and younger brothers Charlie and James. None of this could have happened without them.