The Costs and Benefits of Animal Experiments (The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series)

271 Pages·2011·2.33 MB·English

by  Andrew Knight

The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series
Series editors: Andrew Linzey and Priscilla Cohn
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the ethics of our treatment
of animals. Philosophers have led the way, and now a range of other scholars
have followed, from historians to social scientists. From being a marginal issue,
animals have become an emerging issue in ethics and in multidisciplinary
inquiry. This series explores the challenges that Animal Ethics poses, both con-
ceptually and practically, to traditional understandings of human–animal
relations.
Specifically, the Series will:
● provide a range of key introductory and advanced texts that map out ethical
positions on animals;
● publish pioneering work written by new, as well as accomplished, scholars;
and
● produce texts from a variety of disciplines that are multidisciplinary in char-
acter or have multidisciplinary relevance.
Titles include:
Alasdair Cochrane
AN INTRODUCTION TO ANIMALS AND POLITICAL THEORY
Andrew Knight
THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS
Claire Molloy
POPULAR MEDIA AND ANIMAL ETHICS
Siobhan O’Sullivan
ANIMALS, EQUALITY AND DEMOCRACY
Thomas Ryan
SOCIAL WORK AND ANIMALS: A MORAL INTRODUCTION
Joan Schaffner
AN INTRODUCTION TO ANIMALS AND THE LAW
Forthcoming titles:
Aysha Akhtar
HUMANS AND ANIMALS: THE NEW PUBLIC HEALTH PARADIGM
Mark Bernstein
HUMAN–ANIMAL RELATIONS: THE OBLIGATION TO CARE
Eleonora Gullone
ANIMAL ABUSE AND HUMAN AGGRESSION
Alastair Harden
ANIMALS IN THE CLASSICAL WORLD: ETHICAL PERCEPTIONS
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Lisa Johnson
POWER, KNOWLEDGE, ANIMALS
Kay Peggs
AN INTRODUCTION TO ANIMALS AND SOCIOLOGY
The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series
Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–230–57686–5 Hardback
978–0–230–57687–2 Paperback
(outside North America only)
You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order.
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The Costs and Benefits of
Animal Experiments
Andrew Knight
Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics, Oxford, England
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© Andrew Knight 2011
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,
Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work
in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2011 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN: 978–0–230–24392–7 hardback
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing
processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the
country of origin.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Knight, Andrew, 1970–
The costs and benefits of animal experiments / Andrew Knight.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978–0–230–24392–7 (hardback)
1. Animal experimentation – Economic aspects. 2. Animal experimentation –
Moral and ethical aspects. 3. Laboratory animals. I. Title.
HV4915.K64 2011
179(cid:1).4—dc22 2011007798
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne
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Contents
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
List of Abbreviations ix
Acknowledgements xii
Series Preface xiv
1 Introduction 1
Part I Animal Costs
2 Global Laboratory Animal Use 9
3 Types of Laboratory Animal Use 18
4 Impacts on Laboratory Animals 29
Part II Human Benefits
5 Human Clinical Utility of Animal Models 39
6 Human Toxicological Utility of Animal Models 60
7 Factors Limiting the Human Utility of Animal Models 75
Part III Alternative Strategies
8 Non-Animal Research and Testing Methodologies 97
9 Reduction and Refinement of Laboratory Animal Use 125
Part IV Educational Animal Use and
Student Impacts
10 Educational Animal Use 139
11 Effects of Harmful Animal Use on Students 167
Part V Conclusions and Policy
Recommendations
12 The Costs and Benefits of Animal Experimentation 179
13 Regulatory Developments and Policy Recommendations 194
v
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vi Contents
Glossary 208
References 218
Index 249
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Tables
2.1 The 12 national regions using more than 1 million
laboratory animals in 2005 12
3.1 Proportions of main classes of animals used in EU member
states, 1996–2008 20
3.2 C ategory of invasiveness (CI) of animal procedures
in Canada 25
6.1 E stimated EU economic benefits over 30 years of
reducing annual cancer deaths through implementation
of the REACH system 61
6.2 A ll IRIS chemicals assigned human carcinogenicity
classifications by the EPA 64
6.3 1 60 IRIS chemicals assigned human carcinogenicity
classifications primarily on the basis of animal data 65
6.4 I ARC classifications of EPA chemicals with significant
human data (EPA categories A or B1) 66
7.1 Animal species used for 158 assessed EPA chemicals
lacking significant human data 79
7.2 Number of animal routes of administration tested for
156 assessed EPA chemicals lacking significant human data 82
7.3 Number of animal organ systems affected by 104 chemicals
assessed by the EPA as probable (B2) or
possible (C) human carcinogens 87
10.1 V eterinary student outcomes: humane teaching
methods compared with harmful animal use 151
10.2 N on-veterinary student outcomes: humane teaching
methods compared with harmful animal use 152
10.3 A dditional benefits of humane teaching methods
in veterinary education 154
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Figures
2.1 E xperiments or procedures using animals begun
annually in Great Britain, 1945–2009 13
2.2 P rocedures by genetic status of animal in Great Britain,
1995–2009 14
2.3 C omparison of breeding to produce genetically
modified (GM) animals and animals with harmful
mutations (HM) with other primary purposes in
Great Britain, 1995–2009 14
3.1 P roportions of laboratory animals used in the 27 EU
member states, 2008 19
3.2 C ountries of origin for laboratory animals used in the 27 EU
member states, 2008 21
3.3 C ategories of scientific animal use in the 27 EU
member states, 2008 22
3.4 I nvasiveness of definitely non-observational Australian
laboratory animal use, 2005–8 24
3.5 I nvasiveness of Canadian laboratory animal use, 1996–2008 25
3.6 P roportions of animals undergoing scientific procedures in
Great Britain provided with no, some, or terminal
anaesthesia, 1988–2009 27
5.1 S urveyed chimpanzee experiments, 1995–2004 44
5.2 C himpanzee biological experiments, 1995–2004 45
5.3 C himpanzee virological experiments, 1995–2004 45
5.4 C itations of 95 randomly selected published
chimpanzee studies 46
6.1 E PA and IARC human carcinogenicity classifications of
chemicals considered by the EPA to lack human data,
but to possess animal data 67
7.1 A nimal species used for 158 assessed EPA chemicals
lacking significant human data 79
7.2 A nimal routes of administration tested for
156 assessed EPA chemicals lacking significant human data 83
7.3 T he 43 animal organ systems affected by 104 chemicals
assessed by the EPA to be probable (B2) or possible
(C) human carcinogens 86
8.1 Integrated toxicity testing 123
viii
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Abbreviations
ADME absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (see
Glossary: kinetics)
AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AVA A ustralian Veterinary Association
AVMA A merican Veterinary Medical Association
AWA US Animal Welfare Act
AWIC A nimal Welfare Information Center (US)
CA c hromosomal aberration
CAL c omputer-aided learning
CCAC Canadian Council on Animal Care
cDNA complementary DNA (see Glossary)
χ2 chi square (statistical) value (see Glossary: chi square test)
CI c onfidence interval (see Glossary)
df degrees of freedom (see Glossary)
EBM evidence-based medicine (see Glossary)
EC Commission of the European Communities
ECVAM European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods
EPA Environmental Protection Agency (US)
ESC embryonic stem cell (see Glossary: stem cell lines)
EST e mbryonic stem cell test
FDA Food and Drug Administration (US)
FE finite element analysis (an engineering technique)
fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging
GC genotoxic carcinogen
GLP g ood laboratory practice
GM genetically modified (see Glossary)
GMP good manufacturing practice
HCV h epatitis C virus
hESC human embryonic stem cell
HIV h uman immunodeficiency virus
HPPC H ans Popper Primate Center (Austria)
HPV H igh Production Volume Challenge Program (US)
IACUC i nstitutional animal care and use committee
IARC I nternational Agency for Research on Cancer (World
Health Organization)
ix
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