The Cosmo-Creative Society: Logistical Networks in a Dynamic Economy

295 Pages·1993·12.81 MB·English

by  Åke E. Andersson

Advances in Spatial and Network Economics
Managing Editor Editorial Board
David F. Batten Me E. Andersson
Martin J. Beckmann
Jacques Thisse
Robert E. Kuenne
Takashi Takayama
Titles in the Series
Martin J. Beckmann and Tonu Puu
Spatial Structures
Aisling J. Reynolds-Feighan
The Effects of Deregulation on U.S. Air
Networks
o
A. E. Andersson· D. F. Batten
K. Kobayashi· K. Yoshikawa (Eds.)
The
Cosmo-Creative
Society
Logistical Networks
in a Dynamic Economy
With Contributions by
Me E. Andersson, C. Anderstig, D. F. Batten, H. Haken
E. Hideshima, B. Harsman, B. Johansson, M. Kashiwadani,
K. Kobayashi, S. Mun, N. Okada, M. Okumura, D. G. Saari,
K. Sasaki, G. J. W. Smith, S. Sunao, K. Yoshikawa, W. B. Zhang
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona
Budapest
Prof. Dr. Ake E. Andersson
Institute for Futures Studies, Hagagatan 23B, 3tr.,
S-I13 85 Stockholm, Sweden
Prof. Dr. David F. Batten
Royal Institute of Technology, Department of
Regional Planning, S-I00 44 Stockholm, Sweden
Prof. Dr. Kiyoshi Kobayashi
Tottori University, Department of Social Systems
Engineering, Tottori 680, Japan
Prof. Dr. Kazuhiro Yoshikawa
Kyoto University, School of Civil Engineering,
Kyoto 606, Japan
With 67 Figures
ISBN -13978-3-642-78462-0 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-78460-6
DDI.1 0: 10 07/978-3-642-78460-6
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FOREWORD
Today, telecommunication systems are expanding and evolving at a
remarkable rate, with the aid of fiber optics, satellites and comput
erized switchboard systems. Airline systems are providing faster and
more efficient networks for world-wide human transportation. Com
puters are now generally accessible to virtually all industries and many
households. But perhaps the most important factor is that education
systems are expanding the knowledge base for city populations, thus
resulting in increased efficiency in the use of computers, telecommuni
cations and rapid transportation systems.
The revolutionary age of logistical networks is upon lIS. Logistical
networks are those systems which facilitate the movement of knowl
edge, commodities, money, and people in association with thE; produc
tion or consumption of goods and services. Logistical networks form a
set of important infrastructure which serve as hard and soft means to
sustain all kinds of movement, transactions and diffusion within and
between global networks of cities. Major structural changes in the re
gional and urban economy, culture and institutions are triggered by
slow but steady changes in global logistical systems.
The propensity towards the synchronized global integration of a
nation's economy and society will bring about a major world-wide
redistribution of production and of knowledge and information stocks,
with the relative decline of the Pan-Atlantic sphere in favor of the Pan
Pacific sphere. In this new era, metropolitan areas in Japan - namely,
the Tokyo Bay Area and the Osaka Bay Area, etc. - are expected to
play a key role as new symbiotic centers for different cultures of the
Orient and the Occident. They are simply endowed with comparative
advantages in terms of access to the Asian and Pan-Pacific countries,
and their multitude of traditional cultures and relationships.
The growth of creativity through cultural and artistic activities,
scientific research, industrial development, administrative functions,
and international communications, constitutes one of the most indis
pensable preconditions for a qualitative expansion of the metropolitan
areas. The term 'cosmo-creative society', which is one of the central
keywords in this book, refers to a creative world society playing a
pioneering role in the logistical revolution occurring across global net
works. It is a keyword which symbolizes the emergence of a new type
of city. Scientific and practical resources should therefore be channeled
towards creating symbiotic preconditions for the qualitative develop
ment of the metropolitan areas.
v
This volume contains a collection of papers present.ed at the Inter
national Forum on Logistical Dynamics and Its Regional Consequences
in Osaka and the International Colloquium on Creativity and Logisti
cal Dynamics. The Forum was held in Osaka, Japan from July 17 to
18 and the Colloquium took place in Kyoto from July 20-21 1990. The
papers addressed the above-mentioned themes from the viewpoint of
various interdisciplinary perspectives. The aim of the Forum was to
assemble leading international scientists, administrative officials and
Japanese industrial leaders in order to propose a set of scientific per
spectives to facilitate an understanding of the fundamental dynamics
underlying logistical revolu tions and to apply this framework as a basis
for determining key policy implications for the revitalization of the Os
aka Bay Area. The Colloquium was organized to provide an arena for
an intensive discussion of the scientific issues taken up in the Forum.
The conferences were initiated by an international research group
including, among others, myself and Professor Ake E. Andersson, Di
rector of the Institute for Futures Studies, Sweden, both of whom
played a key role in promoting the conferences. I acknowledge my
advisors, Professor Eiji Kometani and Professor Minoru Beika, whose
unfailing encouragement and advice enabled me to organize both con
ferences successfully. Practical arrangements were undertaken by an
Organizing Committee consisting of staff-members from the Prefec
tural governments of Osaka, Hyogo and Wakayama, the Municipal
governments of Osaka and Kobe, The Osaka Science &. Technology
Center, The Osaka Industrial Association, The Osaka Chamber of
Commerce &. Industry, The Kansai Airport Research Institute, The
Kansai Economic Federation, The Center for Industrial Innovation of
Kansai, The Kansai Institute of Information Society and The Kobe
Chamber of Commerce &. Industry. That both conferences were suc
cessful Was a tribute to the efficiency of the organizing committees and
secretariats. Further I would like to express my appreciation to my
friends, Professor David F. Batten, Professor Borje Johansson, Pro
fessor Kiyoshi Kobayashi, Professor Norio Okada, Dr. Seishin Sunao,
and Dr. Bo Wijkmark. Without their collaboration, the conferences
would not successfully end. I would also like to acknowledge the assis
tance provided by the Swedish Council for Building Research during
the production of this book.
Last but not least, I would like to thank Hirokazu Tatanu and Jen
nifer Wundersitz, who made invaluable contributions to the editorial
process.
Kazuhiro Yoshikawa
Kyoto 1993
VI
CONTENTS
1. Logistical Dynamics, Creativity and Infrastructure 1
by A. E. Andersson, D. F. Batten, K. Kobayashi a.nd K. Yoshikawa
PART I. COSMO-CREATIVITY IN THE KNOWLEDGE
SOCIETY
2. Economic Structure of the 21st Cent.ury 17
by A. E. Andersson
3. The Creative Person 31
by G.J.W. Smith
4. Synergetics as a Theory of Creativity and Its Planning 45
by H. Haken
5. High Technology Worker Mobility 53
by C. Anderstig and B. Harsman
PART II. LOGISTICAL NETWORK AND CHAOTIC
DYNAMICS
6. Some Consequences of 'Recurrence and Expansion':
What Ca.n We Learn about Logistical Networks from Chaos? 67
by D. G. Saari
7. The Complexity of Economic Decisions -Anticipatory
Human Behavior 81
by W.-B. Zhang
8. Incomplete Information and Logistical Network Equilibria 95
by K. Koba.yashi
PART III. NETWORK DYNAMICS WITH
COSMO-CREATIVITY
9. Entrepreneurship in the New Technological Regime 121
by N. Okada
10. Network Cities versus Central Place Cities:
Building a Cosmo-Creative Constellation 137
by D. F. Batten
11. Economic Evolution and Urban Infrastructure Dynamics 151
by B. Johansson
VII
PART IV. INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE
COSMO-CREATIVE SOCIETY
12. Information Technology and Urban Spatial Structure 177
by K. Sasaki
13. Impacts of Developments in Telecommunication Systems on
Travel Demand and the Location of Office Firms 197
by S. Mun
14. Spatial Equilibria of Knowledge Production with
'Meeting-Facilities' 219
by K. Kobayashi, S. Sunao and K. Yoshikawa
15. Dynamic Change of Urban Housing Stock, Construction and
Demolition 245
by M. Kashiwadani
16. Optimal Regional Investment Control Using Hallmark Events 263
by M. Okumura, K. Yoshikawa and E. Hideshima
PART V. PLANNING AND POLICY PERSPECTIVES
17. Creative Renaissance of the Osaka Bay Area
- Towards a Cosmo-Creative Region in the 21st Century 281
by K. Yoshikawa
List of Contributors 295
VIII
CHAPTER 1
Logistical Dynamics, Creativity and
Infrastruct ure
Ake E. Andersson, David F. Batten, Kiyoshi Kobayashi
and Kazuhiro Yoshikawa
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Few would doubt that we are presently in the midst of an era of funda
mental change. The powerful motor driving this latest revolutionary
transformation of the post-industrial economies is generally thought to
be technological. But such an explanation seems too narrow. The rev
olutionary age in which we now find ourselves is also a cosmo-creative
one. Cosmo-creative activities, such as global research and develop
ment programs, are expanding as a result of the ongoing transition
towards a knowledge-intensive society and some fundamental changes
to the world's logistical networks.
Logistical networks are basic to all forms of movement and human
interaction. Essentially, they are those systems in geographical space
which facilitate the movement of commodities, people and money in
association with the production or consumption of goods and services.
Such networks also facilitate knowledge accumulation and diffusion.
Furthermore, they foster face-to-face contacts which are essential for
creative exchanges. The overall outcome is that we are entering an
era in which creativity - both individual and collective - is gradually
emerging as a vital component of dynamic comparative advantage on
a global scale.
Logistical networks are observable and permanent (highly durable)
systems of infrastructure which sustain all types of motion and interac
tion between global networks of cities. There is hardware and software.
The hardware is made up of physical networks which promote inter
action - such as conference buildings, computers, transportation and
1
telecommunication systems. The software corresponds to those net
works which embellish human infrastructure - such as education, the
arts and science. Many of these softer networks are intangible to all
except those intimately involved.
1.2 THE FOUR LOGISTICAL REVOLUTIONS
It is instructive to explore the catalytic role of logistical networks with
the help of qualitative dynamics. What emerges are some historical
and social preconditions which have partly shaped the development of
each and every metropolis during the last millennium, as well as some
new preconditions which will affect their future development in to
morrow's international economy. The well-recorded sequence of events
which have transformed the world economy since the Carolingian era
can most likely be explained by the changing structure of what we
have broadly defined as logistical systems. In other words, the princi
pal changes of population, production, trade, culture and institutions
are triggered by slow but steady changes in the world's logistical net
works.
In recent years, sudden and unexpected discontinuities have be
come central issues in political and planning debates about the future
of metropolises. As discussed in the contribution to this volume by An
dersson, it turns out to be useful to look back into history for evidence
of such behaviour in the evolution of cities as a global family. One illu
minating example is the path-breaking analysis by the mathematician,
Alistair Mees (1975). He took the hypothesis of Henri Pirenne (1925)
as the starting point for an analysis of sudden changes in the special
ization pattern of a set of trading regions. Pirenne's hypothesis stated
that the central cause of the revival of European cities and towns in
the late middle ages was the emergence of free trade and consequent
improvements to the transportation systems.
Andersson has since broadened the Pirenne-Mees analysis to a
more general one, claiming that the sequence of fundamental changes
in the world economy over the last millennium can be explained by
the changing structure of logistical systems. In other words, the great
structural changes of production, location, trade, culture and institu
tions have been triggered by slow but steady changes to the associated
logistical networks. The development of cities and their inter-regional
economic relations in the world from the years 1000 A.D. until 2000
A.D. may be perceived in terms of four logistical revolutions, namely
the following:
(1) Emerging in Italy during the 11th century and ending in North
ern Europe during the 16th century,
2