The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality

1436 Pages·2003·12.881 MB·English

by  Robert T. Francoeur, Raymond J. Noonan

The Continuum
Complete International
Encyclopedia of Sexuality
Robert T. Francoeur
Raymond J. Noonan,
Editors
Continuum
THE
• •
CONTINUUM Complete
International
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF SEXUALITY
Ed ited by:
(cid:2)
ROBERT T. FRANCOEUR, Ph.D., A.C.S.
and
RAYMOND J. NOONAN, Ph.D.
As so ci ate Ed i tors:
Af rica: Beldina Opiyo-Omolo, B.Sc.
(cid:2)
Eur ope: Jakob Pastoetter, Ph.D.
South America: Luciane Raibin, M.S.
In for ma tion Re sources: Timothy Perper, Ph.D. &
Martha Cornog, M.A., M.S.
(cid:2)
Forew ord by:
ROBERT T. FRANCOEUR, Ph.D., A.C.S.
(cid:2)
Pref ace by:
TIM O THY PERPER, Ph.D.
In tro duc tion by:
IRA L. REISS, Ph.D.
THE
• •
C
Complete
ONTINUUM
International
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF SEXUALITY
Updated, with More Countries
2004
TheCon tin uumIn ter na tion alPub lish ing GroupInc
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TheCon tin uumcom pletein ter na tion alen cy clo pe dia ofsex u al ity/ed ited
by Robert T. Francoeur ; Raymond J. Noonan ; ass ociate edi tors, Martha
Cornog . . . [et al.].
p. cm.
Acom pletelyup datedone-vol umeedi tionofthe4-vol umeIn ter na tion al
en cy clo pe dia ofsex u al ity(pub lished1997-2001),cov er ingmorethan60
countries and places, 15 not prev iously inc luded.
In cludesbib lio graph i calref er ences.
ISBN 0-8264-1488-5 (hardc over : alk. pap er)
1.Sex—En cyc lo pe dias. 2.Sexcus toms—En cy clo pe dias. I.Title:
Com pletein ter na tion alen cy clo pe dia ofsex u al ity. II.Francoeur,Robert
T. III. Noonan, Raymond J. IV. Cornog, Martha. V. Int ernational
en cy clo pe dia ofsex u al ity.
HQ21.I68 2003
306.7´03—dc21 2003006391
v
CROATIA.......................................................241
Aleksandar Štulhofer, Ph.D., Vlasta Hiršl-He(cid:2)ej, M.D.,
Contents M.A., Željko Mrkši(cid:2), Aleksandra Kora(cid:2), Ph.D., Petra
Hoblaj, Ivanka Ivkanec, Maja Mamula, M.A., Hrvoje
Tiljak, M.D., Ph.D., Gordana Buljan-Flander, Ph.D.,
HOW TO USE THIS ENCYCLOPEDIA....viii Sanja Sagasta, Gordan Bosanac, Ana Karlovi(cid:2), and
Jadranka Mimica; Updates by the Authors
FOREWORD....................................................ix
CUBA..............................................................259
Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D., A.C.S.
Mariela Castro Espín, B.Ed., M.Sc., and María
PREFACE.........................................................xi Dolores Córdova Llorca, Ph.D., main authors and
Timothy Perper, Ph.D. coordinators, with Alicia Gónzalez Hernández, Ph.D.,
Beatriz Castellanos Simons, Ph.D., Natividad
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MANY
Guerrero Borrego, Ph.D., Gloria Ma. A. Torres Cueto,
MEANINGS OF SEXOLOGICAL Ph.D., Eddy Abreu Guerra, Ph.D., Beatriz Torres
KNOWLEDGE...............................................xiii Rodríguez, Ph.D., Caridad T. García Álvarez, M.Sc.,
Ira L. Reiss, Ph.D. Ada Alfonso Rodríguez, M.D., M.Sc., Maricel Rebollar
Sánchez, M.Sc., Oscar Díaz Noriega, M.D., M.Sc.,
ARGENTINA.....................................................1
Jorge Renato Ibarra Guitart, Ph.D., Sonia Jiménez
Sophia Kamenetzky, M.D.; Updates by S. Kamenetzky Berrios, Daimelis Monzón Wat, Jorge Peláez
Mendoza, M.D., Mayra Rodríguez Lauzerique, M.Sc.,
AUSTRALIA....................................................27
Ofelia Bravo Fernández, M.Sc., Lauren Bardisa
Rosemary Coates, Ph.D.; Updates by R. Coates and
Escurra, M.D., Miguel Sosa Marín, M.D., Rosaida
Anthony Willmett, Ph.D.
Ochoa Soto, M.D., and Leonardo Chacón Asusta
AUSTRIA.........................................................42
CYPRUS.........................................................279
Dr. Rotraud A. Perner, L.L.D.; Translated and
Part 1: Greek Cyprus: George J. Georgiou, Ph.D.,
Redacted by Linda Kneucker; Updates by Linda
with Alecos Modinos, B.Arch., A.R.I.B.A., Nathaniel
Kneucker, Raoul Kneucker, and Martin Voracek,
Papageorgiou, Laura Papantoniou, M.Sc., M.D., and
Ph.D., M.Sc.
Nicos Peristianis, Ph.D. (Hons.); Updates by G. J.
BAHRAIN........................................................59 Georgiou and L. Papantoniou; Part 2: Turkish Cyprus:
Julanne McCarthy, M.A., M.S.N.; Updates by Kemal Bolay(cid:2)r, M.D., and Serin Kelâmi, B.Sc. (Hons.)
the Editors
CZECH REPUBLIC.....................................320
BOTSWANA....................................................89 Jaroslav Zv(cid:3)(cid:4)ina, M.D.; Rewritten and updated by
Godisang Mookodi, Oleosi Ntshebe, and the Author
Ian Taylor, Ph.D.
DENMARK....................................................329
BRAZIL............................................................98 Christian Graugaard, M.D., Ph.D., with Lene
Sérgio Luiz Gonçalves de Freitas, M.D., with Elí Falgaard Eplov, M.D., Ph.D., Annamaria Giraldi,
Fernandes de Oliveira and Lourenço Stélio Rega, M.D., Ph.D., Ellids Kristensen, M.D., Else Munck,
M.Th.; Updates and comments by Raymond J. M.D., Bo Møhl, clinical psychologist, Annette
Noonan, Ph.D., and Dra. Sandra Almeida, and Fuglsang Owens, M.D., Ph.D., Hanne Risør, M.D.,
Luciane Raibin, M.S. and Gerd Winther, clinical sexologist
BULGARIA....................................................114 EGYPT...........................................................345
Michail Alexandrov Okoliyski, Ph.D., and Petko Bahira Sherif, Ph.D.; Updates by B. Sherif and
Velichkov, M.D. Hussein Ghanem, M.D.
CANADA........................................................126 ESTONIA.......................................................359
Michael Barrett, Ph.D, Alan King, Ed.D., Joseph Elina Haavio-Mannila, Ph.D., Kai Haldre, M.D.,
Lévy, Ph.D., Eleanor Maticka-Tyndale, Ph.D., and Osmo Kontula, Ph.D.
Alexander McKay, Ph.D., and Julie Fraser, Ph.D.;
FINLAND.......................................................381
Rewritten and updated by the Authors
Osmo Kontula, D.Soc.Sci., Ph.D., and Elina Haavio-
CHINA............................................................182 Mannila, Ph.D.; Updates by O. Kontula and E.
Fang-fu Ruan, M.D., Ph.D., and M. P. Lau, M.D.; Haavio-Mannila
Updates by F. Ruan and Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D.;
FRANCE.........................................................412
Comments by M. P. Lau
Michel Meignant, Ph.D., chapter coordinator, with
COLOMBIA...................................................210 Pierre Dalens, M.D., Charles Gellman, M.D., Robert
José Manuel Gonzáles, M.A., Rubén Ardila, Ph.D., Gellman, M.D., Claire Gellman-Barroux, Ph.D.,
Pedro Guerrero, M.D., Gloria Penagos, M.D., and Serge Ginger, Laurent Malterre, and France
Bernardo Useche, Ph.D.; Translated by Claudia Paramelle; Translated by Genevieve Parent, M.A.;
Rockmaker, M.S.W., and Luciane Raibin, M.S.; Redacted by Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D.; Comment
Updates by the Editors; Comment by Luciane by Timothy Perper, Ph.D.; Updates by the Editors
Raibin, M.S.
FRENCH POLYNESIA................................431
COSTA RICA.................................................227 Anne Bolin, Ph.D.; Updates by A. Bolin and
Anna Arroba, M.A. the Editors
vi Con tin uum Com pleteIn ter na tion al En cy clo pe dia ofSexuality
GERMANY....................................................450 NEPAL............................................................714
Rudiger Lautmann, Ph.D., and Kurt Starke, Ph.D.; Elizabeth Schroeder, M.S.W.
Updates by Jakob Pastoetter, Ph.D., and Hartmut
NETHERLANDS...........................................725
A. G. Bosinski, Dr.med.habil., and the Editor
Jelto J. Drenth, Ph.D., and A. Koos Slob, Ph.D.;
GHANA..........................................................467 Updates by the Editors
Augustine Ankomah, Ph.D.; Updates by Beldina
NIGERIA........................................................752
Opiyo-Omolo, B.Sc.
Uwem Edimo Esiet, M.B., B.S., M.P.H., M.I.L.D.,
GREECE........................................................479 chapter coordinator, with Christine Olunfinke Adebajo,
Dimosthenis Agrafiotis, Ph.D., Elli Ioannidi, Ph.D., Ph.D., R.N., H.D.H.A., Mairo Victoria Bello, Rakiya
and Panagiota Mandi, M.Sc.; Rewritten and updated Booth, M.B.B.S., F.W.A.C.P., Imo I. Esiet, B.Sc, LL.B.,
in December 2002 by the Authors B.L., Nike Esiet, B.Sc., M.P.H. (Harvard), Foyin
Oyebola, B.Sc., M.A., and Bilkisu Yusuf, B.Sc., M.A.,
HONG KONG................................................489 M.N.I.; Updates by Beldina Opiyo-Omolo, B.Sc.
Emil Man-lun Ng, M.D., and Joyce L. C. Ma, Ph.D.;
Updates by M. P. Lau, M.D., and Robert T. NORWAY.......................................................781
Francoeur, Ph.D. Elsa Almås, Cand. Psychol., and Esben Esther Pirelli
Benestad, M.D.; Updates by E. Almås and E. E.
ICELAND.......................................................503 Pirelli Benestad
Sóley S. Bender, R.N., B.S.N., M.S., Coordinator, with
Sigrún Júliíusdóttir, Ph.D., Thorvaldur Kristinsson, OUTER SPACE and ANTARCTICA..........795
Haraldur Briem, M.D., and Gudrún Jónsdóttir, Ph.D.; Raymond J. Noonan, Ph.D.; Updates and new
Updates by the Editors material by R. J. Noonan
INDIA.............................................................516 PAPUA NEW GUINEA.................................813
Jayaji Krishna Nath, M.D., and Vishwarath R. Nayar; Shirley Oliver-Miller; Comments by Edgar
Updates by Karen Pechilis-Prentiss, Ph.D., Aparna Gregerson, Ph.D.
Kadari, B.A., M.B.A., and Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D.
PHILIPPINES................................................824
INDONESIA...................................................533 Jose Florante J. Leyson, M.D.; Updates by
Wimpie I. Pangkahila, M.D., Ph.D. (Part 1); Ramsey J. F. J. Leyson
Elkholy, Ph.D. (cand.) (Part 2); Updates by Robert T.
POLAND........................................................846
Francoeur, Ph.D.
Anna Sierzpowska-Ketner, M.D., Ph.D.; Updates by
IRAN...............................................................554 the Editors
Paula E. Drew, Ph.D.; Updates and comments by
PORTUGAL...................................................856
Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D.; Comments by F. A.
Nuno Nodin, M.A., with Sara Moreira, and Ana
Sadeghpour
Margarida Ourô, M.A.; Updates by N. Nodin
IRELAND.......................................................569
PUERTO RICO.............................................877
Thomas Phelim Kelly, M.B.; Updates by Harry A.
Luis Montesinos, Ph.D., and Juan Preciado, Ph.D.;
Walsh, Ed.D., and the Editors
Redacted and updated by Felix M. Velázquez-Soto, M.A.,
ISRAEL..........................................................581 and Glorivee Rosario-Pérez, Ph.D., and Carmen Rios
Ronny A. Shtarkshall, Ph.D., and Minah Zemach,
RUSSIA...........................................................888
Ph.D.; Updates by R. A. Shtarkshall and M. Zemach
Igor S. Kon, Ph.D.; Updates by I. S. Kon
ITALY.............................................................620
SOUTH AFRICA...........................................909
Bruno P. F. Wanrooij, Ph.D.; Updates by
Lionel John Nicholas, Ph.D., and Priscilla Sandra
B. P. F. Wanrooij
Daniels, M.S. (Part 1); Mervyn Bernard Hurwitz, M.D.
JAPAN............................................................636 (Part 2); Updates by L. J. Nicholas, Ph.D.
Yoshiro Hatano, Ph.D., and Tsuguo Shimazaki;
SOUTH KOREA...........................................933
Updates and comments by Yoshimi Kaji, M.A.,
Hyung-Ki Choi, M.D., Ph.D., and Huso Yi, Ph.D. (cand.),
Timothy Perper, Ph.D., and Martha Cornog, M.S.,
with Ji-Kan Ryu, M.D., Koon Ho Rha, M.D., and Woong
M.A., and Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D.
Hee Lee, M.D.; Redacted with additional information
KENYA...........................................................679 and updated as of March 2003 by Huso Yi, Ph.D. (cand.),
Norbert Brockman, Ph.D.; Updates by Paul Mwangi with additional information by Yung-Chung Kim,
Kariuki and Beldina Opiyo-Omolo, B.Sc. Ki-Nam Chin, Pilwha Chang, Whasoon Byun, and
Jungim Hwang
MEXICO........................................................692
SPAIN.............................................................960
Eusebio Rubio, Ph.D.; Updates by the Editors
Jose Antonio Nieto, Ph.D. (coordinator), with Jose
MOROCCO...................................................703 Antonio Carrobles, Ph.D., Manuel Delgado Ruiz, Ph.D.,
Nadia Kadiri, M.D., and Abderrazak Moussaïd, M.D., Felix Lopez Sanchez, Ph.D., Virginia Maquieira D’Angelo,
with Abdelkrim Tirraf, M.D., and Abdallah Jadid, M.D.; Ph.L.D., Josep-Vicent Marques, Ph.D., Bernardo Moreno
Translated by Raymond J. Noonan, Ph.D., and Dra. Jimenez, Ph.D., Raquel Osborne Verdugo, Ph.D., Carmela
Sandra Almeida; Comments by Elaine Hatfield, Ph.D., Sanz Rueda, Ph.D., and Carmelo Vazquez Valverde, Ph.D.;
and Richard Rapson, Ph.D.; Updates by the Editors Translated by Laura Berman, Ph.D., and Jose Nanin,
Contents vii
M.A.; Updates by Laura Berman, Ph.D., Jose Nanin, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.............1127
M.A., and the Editors David L. Weis, Ph.D., and Patricia Barthalow Koch,
Ph.D., editors and contributors, with other
SRI LANKA...................................................972
contributions by Diane Baker, M.A.; Ph.D.; Sandy
Victor C. de Munck, Ph.D.; Comments by Patricia
Bargainnier, Ed.D.; Sarah C. Conklin, Ph.D.; Martha
Weerakoon, Ph.D.
Cornog, M.A., M.S.; Richard Cross, M.D.; Marilyn
SWEDEN........................................................984 Fithian, Ph.D.; Jeannie Forrest, M.A.; Andrew D.
Forsythe, M.S.; Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D., A.C.S.;
Jan E. Trost, Ph.D., with Mai-Briht Bergstrom-Walan,
Barbara Garris, M.A.; Patricia Goodson, Ph.D.;
Ph.D.; Updates by the Editors
William E. Hartmann, Ph.D.; Robert O. Hawkins, Jr.,
SWITZERLAND...........................................995 Ph.D.; Linda L. Hendrixson, Ph.D.; Barrie J. Highby,
Prof. Johannes Bitzer, M.D., Ph.D., Judith Adler, Ph.D., Ph.D.; Ariadne (Ari) Kane, Ed.D.; Sharon E. King,
Prof. Dr. Udo Rauschfleisch Ph.D., Sibil Tschudin, M.S.Ed.; Robert Morgan Lawrence, D.C.; Brenda
M.D., Elizabeth Zemp, M.D., and Ulrike Kosta Love; Charlene L. Muehlenhard, Ph.D.; Raymond J.
Noonan, Ph.D.; Miguel A. Pérez, Ph.D.; Timothy
TANZANIA..................................................1009 Perper, Ph.D.; Helda L. Pinzón-Pérez, Ph.D.; Carol
Philip Setel, Eleuther Mwageni, Namsifu Mndeme, and Queen, Ph.D.; Herbert P. Samuels, Ph.D.; Julian
Yusuf Hemed; Additional comments by Beldina Opiyo- Slowinski, Psy.D.; William Stackhouse, Ph.D.; William
Omolo, B.Sc. R. Stayton, Th.D.; and Mitchell S. Tepper, M.P.H.
Updates coordinated by Raymond J. Noonan, Ph.D.,
THAILAND..................................................1021
and Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D., with comments and
Kittiwut Jod Taywaditep, Ph.D., Eli Coleman, Ph.D.,
updates by Mark O. Bigler, Ph.D., Walter Bockting,
and Pacharin Dumronggittigule, M.Sc.; Updates by
Ph.D., Peggy Clarke, M.P.H., Sarah C. Conklin, Ph.D.,
K. J. Taywaditep, Ryan Bishop, Ph.D., and Lillian S.
Al Cooper, Ph.D., Martha Cornog, M.A., M.S., Susan
Robinson, Ph.D.
Dudley, Ph.D., Warren Farrell, Ph.D., James R.
TURKEY......................................................1054 Fleckenstein, Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D., Patricia
Hamdullah Ayd(cid:2)n, M.D., and Zeynep Gülçat, Ph.D.; Goodson, Ph.D., Erica Goodstone, Ph.D., Karen Allyn
Rewritten and updated in 2003 by H. Ayd(cid:2)n and Gordon, M.P.H., Ph.D. (cand.), Eric Griffin-Shelley,
Ph.D., Robert W. Hatfield, Ph.D., Loraine Hutchins,
Z. Gülçat
Ph.D., Michael Hyde, M.F.A., Ph.D. (cand.), Ariadne
UKRAINE....................................................1072 (Ari) Kane, Ed.D., Patricia Barthalow Koch, Ph.D.,
Tamara V. Hovorun, Ph.D., and Borys M. Vornyk, John Money, Ph.D., Charlene L. Muehlenhard, Ph.D.,
Ph.D. (Medicine); Rewritten and updated in 2003 Raymond J. Noonan, Ph.D., Miguel A. Pérez, Ph.D.,
by T. V. Hovorun and B. M. Vornyk Helda L. Pinzón-Pérez, Ph.D., William Prendergast,
Ph.D., Ruth Rubenstein, Ph.D., Herbert P. Samuels,
UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN
Ph.D., William Taverner, M.A., David L. Weis, Ph.D.,
AND NORTHERN IRELAND...................1093 C. Christine Wheeler, Ph.D., and Walter Williams, Ph.D.
Kevan R. Wylie, M.B., Ch.B., M.Med.Sc., M.R.C.Psych.,
VIETNAM....................................................1337
D.S.M., chapter coordinator and contributor, with
Anthony Bains, B.A., Tina Ball, Ph.D., Patricia Jakob Pastoetter, Ph.D.; Updates by J. Pastoetter
Barnes, M.A., CQSW, BASMT (Accred.), Rohan
LAST-MINUTE DEVELOPMENTS.........1363
Collier, Ph.D., Jane Craig, M.B., MRCP (UK), Linda
Added by the Editors after the manuscript had been typeset
Delaney, L.L.B., M.Jur., Julia Field, B.A., Danya
Glaser, MBBS, D.Ch., FRCPsych., Peter Greenhouse, GLOBAL TRENDS: SOME FINAL
M.A., MRCOG, MFFP, Mary Griffin, M.B., M.Sc., IMPRESSIONS............................................1373
MFFP, Margot Huish, B.A., BASMT (Accred.), Anne
Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D., and Raymond J. Noonan, Ph.D.
M. Johnson, M.A., M.Sc., M.D., MRCGP, FFPAM,
George Kinghorn, M.D., FRCP, Helen Mott, B.A. CONTRIBUTORS and
(Hons.), Paula Nicolson, Ph.D., Jane Read, B.A. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...........................1377
(Hons.), UKCP, Fran Reader, FRCOG, MFFP, BASMT
(Accred.), Gwyneth Sampson, DPM, MRCPsych., AN INTERNATIONAL DIRECTORY OF
Peter Selman, DPSA, Ph.D., José von Bühler, R.M.N., SEXOLOGICAL ORGANIZATIONS,
Dip.H.S., Jane Wadsworth, B.Sc., M.Sc., Kaye ASSOCIATIONS, AND INSTITUTES......1394
Wellings, M.A., M.Sc., and Stephen Whittle, Ph.D.; Compiled by Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D.
Extensive updates and some sections rewritten
by the original authors as noted in the text INDEX..........................................................1405
For upd ates, corrections, and links to many of the sites referenced in these chapt ers, visitTheCon tin uum
Comp leteIn ter na tion al En cy clo pe dia ofSex u al ityontheWeb at http://www.SexQuest.com/ccies/.
Read ers ofCCIES are invited to submit important news items or rep orts of findings of new sex research be-
ing done in any of the count ries covered here, or any other count ry in the world. We will try to keep the
SexQuestCCIES website upd ated with your help. Send items in English if possible, with app ropriate cit a-
tions, to Raymond J. Noonan, Ph.D., CCIES Edi tor, Health and Physical Edu cation Dep artment, Fashi on
Institute of Technology, 27th Street and 7th Avenue, New York, NY 10001 USA, or by email to rjnoonan@
SexQuest.com.
viii
2. Rel ig ious, Ethn ic, andGend er Fact ors
Aff ecti ng Sexu a li ty
How to Use This A. Source and chara cter of rel igious valu es
B. Character of ethnic values
Encyclopedia 3. Knowl edge andEd u ca tion aboutSex u al ity
A. Gov ern ment pol i cies andpro grams
B. Informal sources of sexu al knowledge
The Editors 4. Auto eroti c Be hav iors andPat terns
A. Chil dren andad o les cents
B. Adults
T
5. In ter per son al Hetero sex u al Be hav iors
hisen cy clo pe diacon tains vir tu allyallofthein for ma -
A. Chil dren
tion pre sented in the first four vol umes of the In ter na -
B. Ad o les cents
tion al En cy clo pe dia of Sex u al ity publ ished in 1997 and C. Adults
2001, with fif teen ad ditional countries and places. The orig - Pre mar i talre la tions,court ship, anddat ing
inal en tries have been up dated, typically by the orig inal au - Sex ual be hav ior andre la tion ships ofsin gle adults
thors or by new au thors or comm entators; all have had some Marriage and fami ly
copyediting re finements. Some en tries have been com - Co hab i ta tion andmo nog amy
pletely re written, as noted at the beginning of those chap - Di vorce, re mar riage, andse rial mo nog amy
ters. We have end eavored to clearly notate upd ated material Ex tra mar i tal sex
by en closing the sec tion, paragraph, or sen tence in square Sex u al ity andthephys i cally dis abled andaged
brack ets, start ing withUp date or Com ment fol lowed by the Incidence of oral and anal sex
year it was writ ten, and ending with the appropriate au thor.
6. Homoe rotic, Homos exu a l, andBi sexu al Beh avi ors
In some cases, it serves to modify the ex isting material A. Chil dren andad o les cents
when we have kept the orig inal in formation in con text for B. Adults
historical com parison; at other times, it ex pands the in for-
mation. In most chap ters, some sec tions were writ ten by 7. Gender Div ersity and Transgender Iss ues
specific authors (or one of the editors), whose name or
8. Sig nif ic antUn con ven tional Sex ual Be hav iors*
names appear at the beginning of the section. A. Co er cive sex
Thein for ma tion oneachcoun tryinthisen cy clo pe diais Child sexu al abuse, inc est, and pedophilia
organized mostly ac cording to the stand ard out line be low. Sex ual ha rass ment
The thir teen ma jor head ings are also listed on the first page Rape
of each chapter with the ap propriate page numb ers for that B. Pros ti tu tion
coun try.Thereaderin ter estedindraw ing com par i sons on C. Por nog ra phy anderot ica
specific issues be tween different coun tries will find page D. Paraphilias
ref er encesforspe cifictop icsandre fine ments,be yond the
9. Con tra cep tion, Abor tion, andPop u la tion Plan ning
major head ings, in the index at the end of this vol ume.
A. Con tra cep tion
Check ing thisin dex un der aspe cific topic—pre mar i talsex,
B. Teen age (un mar ried)preg nan cies
teenage preg nancy, pu berty rites, or sex ual ha rassment, for
C. Abor tion
example—the reader will find page refe rences that fac ili- D. Pop u la tion programs
tate comparisons among the five-dozen countries included
in this volume. 10.Sex u ally Trans mit ted Dis eases andHIV/AIDS
De mo graph ics andaBriefHis tor i calPer spec tive 11.Sex ual Dys func tions, Coun sel ing, andTher a pies
A. De mo graph ics
12.SexRe search andAd vanced Pro fes sionalEd u ca tion
B. Abriefhis tor i cal perspective
A. Graduate prog rams and sexological res earch
1. Basic Sexological Prem ises B. Sexologicalor ga ni za tionsandpublications
A. Char ac ter ofgen der roles
13.Imp ort antEthn ic, Rac ial, and/orRel ig ious Min ori t ies
B. Sociolegal status of males and fem ales
C. Gen eral con cepts ofsex u al ityandlove Refe re nces andSugg ested Readi ngs
*InSec tion8,Sig nif i cant Un con ven tionalSex ualBe hav iors, convey a sense of pathology, dysfunction, or abnormality to such
wecon sid er co er cive sex ual be hav iors(rape,sex ual ha rass ment, behaviors.
andchildsex ualabuse),pros ti tu tion,por nog ra phy,paraphilias, Theso cialmean ing ofaspe cific“un con ven tionalbe hav ior”is
and fet ishes. As a gene ral rule, sexologists and the gene ral publ ic de fined byitssit u a tion andso cialcon text.Ex hi bi tion ism,forex-
tendtoviewhetero sex u alre la tionsbe tweencon sent ing adultsin ample, has one meaning when engaged in by a coup le in private, a
an ong oing relationship, such as marriage, as the norm. It is true different meaning when engaged in on the stage of a “go-go” bar
that such sexu al relations are the modal pattern or norm in every for pat rons of that bar, and a third meaning when engaged in on a
cul ture. How ever, theear lier re views ofpre mar i tal sex,ex tra mar- public street. Seco nd, some of these beh aviors are, in fact, quite
i talsex,al ter na tivepat ternsofmar riage,homo sex u ali ty,andbi- common. Se rious estimates cited in the United States chap ter sug -
sexuality in Sections 5 and 6 serve to illustrate that, in any coun- gest that 10% of adult Americans engage in sadomasochist or
try, variable percentages of people eng age in sexual beh aviors bondage sex play, 15% of Americans have a foot or rel ated fet ish
which depart from this assumed “conv entional” norm. Sexolo- and three million Americans engage in “swinging.” Alt hough the
gists have struggled for some time to dev elop acceptable termi- number of ind ividuals who eng age in any particular form of “un -
nology to describe these “other” sexu al practices. “Unc onven- conventional behavior” may be small, it seems clear that in most
tional beh aviors” app ears to be the least judgm ental and res tric- countries, taken tog ether and added to the forms of nonmarital sex-
tive label for “other beh aviors,” and defi nitely preferable to other ual exp ression, that rather large percentages of people do partici-
labels such as “sexual deviance” or “sexual variance,” which pate in some “other” “unconventional” form of sexual practice.
ix
Without in the least minimizing the other essays in our
CCIES, let me sin gle out first the con tributions about sex u-
Foreword ality in China and in India. Together, these two na tions com -
prise some 40% of hu manity. When, next, we con sider the
contributions about other Asian na tions, the Mus lin na tions,
Africa, South Amer ica, and Eu rope, we be gin to see a truly
Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D., A.C.S. in ter na tion al pic ture ofhu man sex u al ity. And it has been the
immense pa tience and skill of the con tributors to the En cy-
clo pe dia that have created such a worldwide scope. It has
S
beenacol lab o ra tive, andin cred i blychal leng ing ad ven ture.
omeone said, “Never tackle anything that is not a Among my inspiring experiences, I include the following:
chal lenge.”
In 1991, a pub lisher in vited me to edit a 350-page sin gle- •One day I had a ques tion about some data in the Bot -
vol ume In ter na tion al En cy clo pe dia ofSex u al ity (IES). The swana chapt er. Five minutes aft er I emailed Dr. Ian Tay-
plan was to in vite 20 sexol ogists in 20 coun tries to pre pare lor, he emailed me back with the clari fication I needed.
20-page chap ters on sex and love, marr iage and family in A ques tion to Alain Giame at INSERM in Paris brought
their countries. It seemed like an easy pro ject to tackle after a re turn cel lu lar com mu ni ca tion from Dr. Giame on
ed it ing the 766-page Com plete Dic tio nary of Sexol o gy. some rain-fore st trib utary of the Amazon River.
Hav ing at tended na tional and in ter na tion al meet ings of •In 1995, while tour ing France, a fel low Ameri can I had
sexologists for 30 years, I could eas ily re cruit 20 colleagues just met quizzed me about the books I write. My rather-
to write 20 chapters on their countries. The prob lem came vague men tion of IES prompted Julanne Mc Carthy to
when my recruits fell so in love with de scribing sex and ask if I would like a chap ter on Bah rain. Without know -
love, mar riage and family-and much more-in their coun- ing where Bah rain was, I said, “Of course,” never think-
tries, that they comp letely ig nored my “15,000- to 18,000- ing anything would come from a ca sual, “Of course.”
word limit.” As the word spread, other sexol ogists offered Months later, a FedEx package ap peared in my mail box,
to write about sex in their countries. Af ter five years work, sent the day Julanne and her mu seum-director husb and
we pub lished three vol umes cove ring 32 coun tries. With returned to the U.S. “The in formation in this chapter was
even more coun tries al ready in the works, we published a gathered and writ ten by Julanne Mc Carthyand 28 Bah -
fourth volume, with 17 additional countries, in 2001. raini professionals and ex patriates who are not to be
identified in any way.”
At that point, de spite very en thusiastic and glowing re -
•While trying to re cruit Radhouan Mhiri, M.D., president
views,de spitein ter na tion al ac claim andtheen dorse ment of
of the Arab In stitute of Sexol ogy and Somatotherapy, to
Li brary Jour nal, Choice, and the World Ass ociation for
write a chapter on Tunisia, he men tioned Abderrazak
Sexology, we de cided not to publ ish a fifth vol ume of IES
Moussaïd, founder of the Mo roccan So ciety of Sexol o-
with even more coun tries. Libraries can not afford the shelf
gy and a physician at the Uni versity of Ca sablanca. Sev -
space or the cost of a five-vol umeIES. In stead, we thought
eral emails and a month later, on my first night of va ca-
it best to up date all 49 coun tries in the orig inal four vol umes
tion in Mo rocco, Dr. Moussaïd whisked me out of a ho -
and add a dozen new coun tries, all in a single, large-format
tel lobby, as suring my wife he would bring me back safe
volume.
and sound. At din ner, a ve hement dis cussion erupted
Now, af ter 11 years of work by 270 au thorities on six
as Moussaïd ca joled four colleagues—in Arabic and
continents, we have a truly unique up-to-dateCon tin uum
French, of course—to join him to write a chapter on
Com plete In ter na tion al En cy clo pe dia ofSex u al ity (CCIES)
Morocco. Very lit tle Eng lish was spok en, but I re-
with in-depth stud ies of sex ual at titudes and be havior in
ceived their chapt er a few months later.
five-dozen count ries. It is a far richer res ource and refe r-
ence work than we could have imagined when we started Along the way, I have learned about many different
this project 11 years ago. customs, and more imp ortantly, about the soc ial context
Looking back on this ad venture, I would like to share that sur rounds these cus toms. To name a few cus toms that
some thoughts and ru minations with the reader. Cre ating are very for eign to my Western mind: widow in heritance,
thisEn cy clo pe dia has been a long and comp lex pro cess. If it “adultery hoots” in Ghana, Hijra in In dia, living apart to-
is a monu ment of sex ual knowl edge, its imp ortance and gether (LAT) in Ger many and Swe den, transgendered
use ful ness aresolelybe cause ofthemag nif i cent con tri bu - kaneeths in Bah rain and kathoey in Thai land, temporary
tions of 230 ex perts from five-dozen nations around the mar riage(mut’a) in Iran, the Virgin Mary’s inf luence in
world. Their work, far more than mine, makes thisCom- Ire land,verydif fer ent con structs ofmalehomo sex u ali ty
plete En cy clo pe dia an un equaled re posi tory of sci en tific in the Is lamic cul tures, hymen re construction in South Ko -
and schol arly information about human sexuality. rea and Greek Cyprus,fazendo tudo (“try everything”) ad -
To be sure, many works of und eniable im portance have vice given to both Bra zilian boys and girls, ta boos on sex-
claimed to speak about hu man sexu ality, but in the CCIES we ual com mu ni ca tions be tween males and fe males, even
hear the voices of many na tions and cul tures. With voices husbands and wives, in many cul tures, and the subo rdinate
from more than a quar ter of the nations of the world, I believe role of women in many cul tures, where female orgasm is
we can speak of this volume as a true enc yclopedia of hu man either unknown or feared as a prelude to insanity.
sex u al ity. Ul ti mately, the sub jects who have pro vided the Despite my pride in ini tiating and ed iting the four vol -
data are not col lege stu dents, as has been so comm only the umes of IES, and now the comprehensive up datedCCIES,
case in aca demic studies of sexuality in, for exa mple, the I have to adm it that thisEn cy clo pe dia is only a be ginning.
United States. Don’t get me wrong. The sexual at titudes and As we read through the essays, we learn how very lit tle we
be hav ior ofcol legestu dents arein ter est ing,andtheirsex u al - really know about hu man sex uality. We have only be gun to
ity should not be ig nored. But in this vol ume, we are hearing touch the sur face of this hugely comp lex and an cient phe-
from a far wider and richer samp le of hu man be ings than col - nomenon. Much work re mains to be done. Yet, I feel that
lege-aged stud ents. Our au thorities come from almost every the con tributors to these vol umes have eased the way for
discipline and worldview imaginable. future schol ars. Our con tributors have blazed new path -