Table Of Content

S Tr 4,+ P~dl + ,+,Ttt+ 10 11 dI I tI II tII Iu 1 1 11cT*-tt1 J'.1 ) ,I | c+,+tM~t ~cI l' + t I( + H-.,1I 1+np + . , ,"I+ ++',++ %t L - The Context of Small-Scale Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Systems in Africa: .A Case Study of Malawi Int~ntfnI Center for living etce eeUchaft ffr Teceinie~ch Aquatic Resources Meuent iun(Genflr)e,t GmbH The Context of Small-Scale Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Systems in Africa: A Case Study of Mala *i The Context of Small-Scale Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Systems in Africa: A Case Study of Mala'i 1991 INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MANILA, PHILIPPINES DEUTSCHE GESELLSCHAFT URTECHNISCHE ZWSAMMENARBEIT (GTZ), GmbH ESCHBORN, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY The context of smalscale integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems in Africa: a case study of Malavi 1991 Published by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, MC P.O. Box 1501, Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines and Deutsche GeseUschaft filr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Pogtfach 5180, D-6236 Eschborn 1 bei Frankfurt/Main, Federal Republic of Germany Printed in Manila, Philippines. ICU.RM and GTZ. 1991. The context of small-scale integrated agricultur-aquaculture systems in Africa: a case study ofMala i. ICLARM Stud. Rev. 18, 30? p. ISSN 0115-4389 , " ISBN 971-1022-65-6 Cover: Zomba District, Southern Region, Malafvi: dry season maintenance activities; clearing and reshaping the pond. Photo by K. Ruddle. TCLARM Contribution No. 576 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................... xxi ABSTRACT .................................................. xxii ASPECTS OF SMLL-SCALE INTEGRATED AGRICULTURE-AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS IN MAIAWI ....................................... xxiii INTRODUCTION Aquaculture in Context ...................................... 1 The Context of National Development Levels ......................... 3 The Context of Alternative Sources of Protein ........................ 4 The Phy-ical and Biological Environmental Context .. ................... 4 The Socioeconomic Environmental Context .......................... 4 The Context of Integrated Systems .............................. 6 About This Study .......................................... 8 CHAPTER 1: PLANNING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE IN AFRICA Introduction . ... ..................... .................... 10 The Resource Systems Concept and Framework ...................... 10 The Logistics of Aquaculture Development .......................... 13 Political Economy or Resource Allocation Strategies ................... 14 National Development Goals and Priorities ................... 14 The Development and Status ofAquaculture ................... 14 Technical and Manpower Development and Financial Assistance ......... 16 National Infrastructure ............................... 17 Protective Legislation ...... ........................... 17 Relationships with Other Economic Sectors ................... 17 Biological and Physical Factors ............................... 18 Environm ental .................................... 18 Climate . . .. . ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . 18 Temperatures . ........................... 18 Rainfall, sunshineand evaporation ............... 21 Humidity and wind ........................ 21 Hydrology and limnology ......................... 21 Water resources .......................... 22 Water quality ........................... 22 Geomorphology ............................... 22 Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Vegetation .................. ... ... ...... ... . 23 Fish Biology .. .......... ... ...... ...... ... ... ... . 24 Resources for aquaculture ......................... 24 Other aspects ................................ 24 V Environment Conditicn ...................................... 24 Public health hazards ................................. 24 Natural hazards ..................................... 25 Sociocultural Factors ........ .................................... 27 Farm Household Level ...................................... 27 Community Level ........ .................................. 27 Land Tenure, Access to Resources and Property Rights ................ 27 Fish Consumption Rates and Consumer Preferences .................. 27 Local Marketing Structures .................................. 31 Actu.al Resource System .......................................... 31 Agriculture ........ ...................................... 32 Processing ........ ...................................... 32 Distribution ........ ..................................... 32 Consumption ............................................ 32 Supplementary Inputs ........ .................................... 32 Socioeconomic ........ .................................... 32 Labor Supply ....................................... 32 Technology ........................................ 33 Capital ........ ................................... 33 Extension Support ................................... 34 Biological and Physical ...................................... 34 Selection Processes ........ ...................................... 34 Species ......... ........................................ 34 Biological criteria .................................... 34 Biotechnological criteria ................................ 34 Bioeconomic criteria .................................. 35 Pathological criteria .................................. 35 Marketing criteria .................................... 35 Site ......... .......................................... 35 Physical and biological criteria ........................... 35 Thermal viability ............................. 35 Slope ..................................... 36 Soils ................................... 36 Hlydrologicalconditions ...................... 36 Naturalhazards .............................. 36 Demographic criteria ................................. 36 Basal subsistence criteria ............................... 36 System Type ........ ..................................... 37 CHAPTER 2: THE STATUS OF AQUACULTURE AND FISH PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN AFRICA Introduction ........ ............................................. 39 The Traditional Background of Aquaculture in Africa .................. 39 Colonial and Early Postcolonial Times ........................... 40 Aquaculture and Fish Production Systems in Africa .................... 40 Traditional African Systems of Aqurculture ......................... 43 The Damming of Natural Depressions ........................... 46 Drain-in Ponds ... ...... ..................... ........ .. 46 Howash .................................. ...... 46 Whedos ......... .. ... ....... ......... ... ....... 49 Fish Aggregation Devices .................................. 52 vi Refuge Traps or Brush Parks ................................ 52 The Acadja ...................................... 52 Barachois ........................................... 56 Shellfish Stocking "...................................... 56 Modern Aquaculture Systems in Africa ............................ 58 Extensive Systems ...................................... 58 Dam Stocking . ................................... 58 Rice-Fish Systems .................................. 58 Extensive Pond Systems .............................. 58 Semi-Intensive Systems ................................... 59 Pond Culture ..................................... 59 Intensive System s ...................................... 59 Intensive Pond Culture ............................... 60 Cage and Pen Culture ............................... 60 Tanks and Raceway Culture ............................ 60 The Present Status of Aquuaculture in Africa ........................ 60 The Present Status of Aquaculture in the SADCC Subregion ................. 61 Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Botswana . ... .. .. . .. . .. ... ... ... . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ... 61 Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 64 Mala'vi.. ............................................ 64 Mozambique ......................................... 64 Swaziland ...... .. ... ...... ......... ...... . .......... 64 Tanzania .... .. ... ........... ...... ........... ... ... 65 Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Zimbabwe ...... ...... ..... ............. ... .......... 66 CHAPTER 3: MALAWI, THE NATIONAL SETTING Introduction ............................................. 67 The Demographic Condition ................................... 67 The Geographical Distribution of Population ....................... 67 The Biophysical Environment .................................. 75 Physiographic Zonation ................................... 75 Climate and Climatic Zones ................................. 80 Precipitation . ... .................. ..... . ......... 80 Air Temperatures .................................. 83 Evapotranspiration . ................................ 83 Sunshine, Relative Humidity and Winds ..................... 83 Climatic Zonation of Mala .....i.. ...................... 91 Hydrography and Drainage Patterns ........................... 91 Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 The National Economic Profile ................................. .. 98 National Development Policies and Strategies ....................... 98 Economic Performance Since Indepenlence ........................ 103 Wages, Incomes and Prices ................................. 106 Background to the Development of Agriculture in Mala .....i. ........... 106 Agricultural Development Policy and Strategies ...................... 112 Farmers' Clubs and Agricultural Credit .......................... 114 The Agricultural Situatioi. .................................... 115 Crop Production ....................................... 115 The Estate Sector ...................................... 122 Livestock .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. ... . .. . . . .. . .. .. .. ... .. 122 Irrigation . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. 123 vii Agricultural Marketing ....... ................................... 123 Constraints on Agricultural Production ...... .......................... 124 The Food and Nutrition Situation ....... ............................... 130 Conclusion .......... .............................................. 131 CHAPTER 4: CAPTURE FISHERIES IN MALAWI Introduction ......... ............................................. 136 The Fisheries Areas and Productivity ............................. 136 Lake Malavi ... ... .................. .. .... ........... 138 Lake Malombe ........................................ 142 Lake Chilwa . ... .. ..................... ... ..... ...... 143 Lake Chiuta .... .. ......................... .... ....... 143 Lower Shire Valley and Associated Wetlands ....................... 143 The Elephant Marsh ................................ 143 The Ndinde M arsh ................................. 144 The Chikawa Lagoons ............................... 144 The Bangula Marsh ................................. 144 The Lower Shire River ............................... 144 Fish Production in the Lower Shire Valley ........................ 144 The Fish Resource ......................................... 144 Lake Malavi.. ......................................... 145 Pelagic Fish Resources of Lake Malai.i ............................ 145 Offshore Pelagic Resources ................................. 145 Inshore Pelagic Resources .................................. 145 Inshore Demersal Fish Resources ................................ 146 Traditional Small-Scale Fishing ................................. 148 Technologies Used ................................................ 148 N e s . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Gill Nets (ndangala,machera) ........................... 148 Open Water Seines (chilimila.) ........................... 151 Beach Seines (kambuzi, khota) . ........................... 151 Scoop Nets (pyasa) ................................. 153 Casting Nets (chavi) ................................ 153 Traps ............................................. 154 Fence Traps .. ..... ............. ..... ... ... ...... 154 Basket Traps (mono) ................................ 155 Vegetation Trap ................................... 156 H ooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Long Lines ... .. ................ .. .... ..... ...... 156 Single Lines .. .... ........... .... ... .. . ... ... .... 156 Pole-and-Line . ............... ... ... ... ..... ...... 156 Simple Manual Techniques ................................. 156 Plunge Baskets ................................... 156 Spearing and Bow-and-Arrow ........................... 156 Stupefacients and Poisons .................................. 156 Small-Scale Fishing Craft . .................................. 156 Social Aspects of the Small-Scale Fisheries .......................... 158 Part-Time Fishermen .................................... 159 Fisheries Laborers ...................................... 159 Incomes and Earnings .................................... 159 Industrial Fisheries ........................................ 160 viii Fisheries Development Policy and Strategies ........................ 162 CHAPTER 5: THE UTILIZATION OF CAPTURE FISHERY PRODUCTS Introduction ...................... ..... ...... ... ... ...... 169 Marketing Infrastrctur. ..................................... 169 Distribution and Marketing Networks ............................. 173 The Fish Traders and Marketing Relationships ....................... 174 The Geographical Distribution of Markets for Fishery Products ............ 176 Distribution from Lake Mala~vi Fisheries ......................... 176 Distribution from Lake Malombe and the Upper Shire River .............. 177 Distribution from Lake Chilwa Fisheries ......................... 178 Distribution from the Lower Shire Fisheries ....................... 178 Price Structures .......................................... 178 Fish Consumption Patterns ................................... 183 Consumer Preferences ...... ...................................... 185 Fish Processing and Handling .................................. 187 Conclusion . . .. . ... .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . ... .. ... . . . ... . . . . .. . .. 188 CHAPTER 6: AN OVERVIEW OF AQUACULTURE IN MALAWI Introduction ............................................. 189 Aquaculture Production in Malai.i ............................... 189 The Aquaculture Policy of the Government of Mala i ..... ................ 189 The History of Aquaculture in Mala.vi ............................. 193 Trout Stocking ............................ ... ......... 193 Fish Stocking in Dams .................................... 194 Aquaculture on Estates ................................... 194 Early Experiments with Aquaculture and Extension ................... 194 The Current Status of Aquaculture in Malaivi ........................ 198 Water Storage Dams and Reservoirs ............................ 198 The Private Sector: Estates ..... .... ........................ 201 The Sugar Company of Mala~ii (SUCOMA) ................... 201 The Dwangwa Sugar Estate ............................ 202 The Kavusi Tea Estate ............................... 203 The Satemwa Tea Estate .............................. 203 The Public Sector ....................................... 203 CHAPTER 7: AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, TRAINING, EXTENSION AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS Introduction ............................................. 205 Research Facilities and Work Conducted ........................... 205 The Domasi Experimental Fish Farm (DEFF) ...................... 206 Research on Water Quality and Supplementary Inputs to Ponds ........ 207 Research on Indigenous Species .......................... 208 Research on Exotic Species ............................. 211 The Research Strategy at the DEFF ....................... 212 The Kasinthula Pilot Fish Farm (KPFF) .......................... 214 Research Conducted at the KPFF ......................... 215 ix Research at the Bunda College of Agriculture ......................... 217 Aquaculture Training ........ ....................................... 218 Training Available at Present ................................ 218 Proposals for Manpower Development ........................... 219 Aquaculture Extension ...................................... 221 Aquaculture Development Projects in Malawi ........................ 227 Area Development Projects for Aquaculture ......................... 227 The Central and Northern Regions Fish Farming Development, Extension, Training and Research Project ...................... 227 The Project on Fish Farming in the Mulanje/Phalombe Districts ........ 229 The Malawi-German Fisheries and Aquacultre Development Project (MAGFAD) ............................. 230 Research Projects for Aquaculture Development ....................... 230 The ICLARM/GTZ-FD-UM Project, Research for the Development of Tropical Aquaculture Technology Appropriate 'or Implementation in Rural Africa ............................... 231 The Polyculture Project of the IDRC ....................... 232 Conclusion .............................................. 232 CHAPTER 8: SMALL-SCALE FARMING SYSTEMS AND AQUACULTURE Introduction ............................................. 233 The Geographical Distribution of Small-Scale Aquaculture ................. 234 The Southern Region ..................................... 234 The Central Region ..................................... 235 The Northern Region ...... .............................. 236 Small-Scale Aquaculture in Southern Mala.i ........................ 236 The Mulanje District ..................................... 236 The Mwanza District ..................................... 238 Demographic Characteristics ........................... 238 Agricultural Landholdings ............................. 239 Agricultural Systems and Patterns of Garden Cropping .............. 239 The Cultivation Calendar for Garden Crops ................... 239 Garden Crop Yields ................................. 241 Livestock ..... ... ...... ...... ... ... ... ... ....... 242 Household Economies ................................ 242 Aquaculture ..................................... 243 Case Studies of Small-scale Fish Farmers in Mwanza District ......... 244 Farm 1, Jonan Village ........................... 244 Farm 2, Jonan Village ........................... 244 Farm 3, Kumphika Village ........................ 244 Farm 4, Ntaja Village ........................... 245 Farm 5, Leketa Village .......................... 245 The Zomba District ...................................... 245 Demographic Characteristics ........................... 245 Characteristics of Agricultural Landholdings .................. 246 Agricultural Systems and Patterns of Garden Cropping ............ 246 Aquaculture .... ................................. 246 Case Studies of Small-Scale Fish Farmers i Zomba District ........... 246 Farm 1, Minama Village .......................... 246 Farm 2, Chinawa Village ......................... 248 Farm 3., Mbatata Village .......................... 249 x

Description:
The Context of Small-Scale Integrated. Agriculture-Aquaculture Systems in Africa: .A Case Study of Malawi. Int~ntfnI Center for living etce. eeUchaft ffr
ebook img

The Context of Small-Scale Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Systems in Africa PDF

328 Pages·2010·10.58 MB·English
by  
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Upgrade Premium
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview The Context of Small-Scale Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Systems in Africa

S Tr 4,+ P~dl + ,+,Ttt+ 10 11 dI I tI II tII Iu 1 1 11cT*-tt1 J'.1 ) ,I | c+,+tM~t ~cI l' + t I( + H-.,1I 1+np + . , ,"I+ ++',++ %t L - The Context of Small-Scale Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Systems in Africa: .A Case Study of Malawi Int~ntfnI Center for living etce eeUchaft ffr Teceinie~ch Aquatic Resources Meuent iun(Genflr)e,t GmbH The Context of Small-Scale Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Systems in Africa: A Case Study of Mala *i The Context of Small-Scale Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Systems in Africa: A Case Study of Mala'i 1991 INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MANILA, PHILIPPINES DEUTSCHE GESELLSCHAFT URTECHNISCHE ZWSAMMENARBEIT (GTZ), GmbH ESCHBORN, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY The context of smalscale integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems in Africa: a case study of Malavi 1991 Published by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, MC P.O. Box 1501, Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines and Deutsche GeseUschaft filr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Pogtfach 5180, D-6236 Eschborn 1 bei Frankfurt/Main, Federal Republic of Germany Printed in Manila, Philippines. ICU.RM and GTZ. 1991. The context of small-scale integrated agricultur-aquaculture systems in Africa: a case study ofMala i. ICLARM Stud. Rev. 18, 30? p. ISSN 0115-4389 , " ISBN 971-1022-65-6 Cover: Zomba District, Southern Region, Malafvi: dry season maintenance activities; clearing and reshaping the pond. Photo by K. Ruddle. TCLARM Contribution No. 576 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................... xxi ABSTRACT .................................................. xxii ASPECTS OF SMLL-SCALE INTEGRATED AGRICULTURE-AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS IN MAIAWI ....................................... xxiii INTRODUCTION Aquaculture in Context ...................................... 1 The Context of National Development Levels ......................... 3 The Context of Alternative Sources of Protein ........................ 4 The Phy-ical and Biological Environmental Context .. ................... 4 The Socioeconomic Environmental Context .......................... 4 The Context of Integrated Systems .............................. 6 About This Study .......................................... 8 CHAPTER 1: PLANNING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE IN AFRICA Introduction . ... ..................... .................... 10 The Resource Systems Concept and Framework ...................... 10 The Logistics of Aquaculture Development .......................... 13 Political Economy or Resource Allocation Strategies ................... 14 National Development Goals and Priorities ................... 14 The Development and Status ofAquaculture ................... 14 Technical and Manpower Development and Financial Assistance ......... 16 National Infrastructure ............................... 17 Protective Legislation ...... ........................... 17 Relationships with Other Economic Sectors ................... 17 Biological and Physical Factors ............................... 18 Environm ental .................................... 18 Climate . . .. . ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . 18 Temperatures . ........................... 18 Rainfall, sunshineand evaporation ............... 21 Humidity and wind ........................ 21 Hydrology and limnology ......................... 21 Water resources .......................... 22 Water quality ........................... 22 Geomorphology ............................... 22 Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Vegetation .................. ... ... ...... ... . 23 Fish Biology .. .......... ... ...... ...... ... ... ... . 24 Resources for aquaculture ......................... 24 Other aspects ................................ 24 V Environment Conditicn ...................................... 24 Public health hazards ................................. 24 Natural hazards ..................................... 25 Sociocultural Factors ........ .................................... 27 Farm Household Level ...................................... 27 Community Level ........ .................................. 27 Land Tenure, Access to Resources and Property Rights ................ 27 Fish Consumption Rates and Consumer Preferences .................. 27 Local Marketing Structures .................................. 31 Actu.al Resource System .......................................... 31 Agriculture ........ ...................................... 32 Processing ........ ...................................... 32 Distribution ........ ..................................... 32 Consumption ............................................ 32 Supplementary Inputs ........ .................................... 32 Socioeconomic ........ .................................... 32 Labor Supply ....................................... 32 Technology ........................................ 33 Capital ........ ................................... 33 Extension Support ................................... 34 Biological and Physical ...................................... 34 Selection Processes ........ ...................................... 34 Species ......... ........................................ 34 Biological criteria .................................... 34 Biotechnological criteria ................................ 34 Bioeconomic criteria .................................. 35 Pathological criteria .................................. 35 Marketing criteria .................................... 35 Site ......... .......................................... 35 Physical and biological criteria ........................... 35 Thermal viability ............................. 35 Slope ..................................... 36 Soils ................................... 36 Hlydrologicalconditions ...................... 36 Naturalhazards .............................. 36 Demographic criteria ................................. 36 Basal subsistence criteria ............................... 36 System Type ........ ..................................... 37 CHAPTER 2: THE STATUS OF AQUACULTURE AND FISH PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN AFRICA Introduction ........ ............................................. 39 The Traditional Background of Aquaculture in Africa .................. 39 Colonial and Early Postcolonial Times ........................... 40 Aquaculture and Fish Production Systems in Africa .................... 40 Traditional African Systems of Aqurculture ......................... 43 The Damming of Natural Depressions ........................... 46 Drain-in Ponds ... ...... ..................... ........ .. 46 Howash .................................. ...... 46 Whedos ......... .. ... ....... ......... ... ....... 49 Fish Aggregation Devices .................................. 52 vi Refuge Traps or Brush Parks ................................ 52 The Acadja ...................................... 52 Barachois ........................................... 56 Shellfish Stocking "...................................... 56 Modern Aquaculture Systems in Africa ............................ 58 Extensive Systems ...................................... 58 Dam Stocking . ................................... 58 Rice-Fish Systems .................................. 58 Extensive Pond Systems .............................. 58 Semi-Intensive Systems ................................... 59 Pond Culture ..................................... 59 Intensive System s ...................................... 59 Intensive Pond Culture ............................... 60 Cage and Pen Culture ............................... 60 Tanks and Raceway Culture ............................ 60 The Present Status of Aquuaculture in Africa ........................ 60 The Present Status of Aquaculture in the SADCC Subregion ................. 61 Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Botswana . ... .. .. . .. . .. ... ... ... . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ... 61 Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 64 Mala'vi.. ............................................ 64 Mozambique ......................................... 64 Swaziland ...... .. ... ...... ......... ...... . .......... 64 Tanzania .... .. ... ........... ...... ........... ... ... 65 Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Zimbabwe ...... ...... ..... ............. ... .......... 66 CHAPTER 3: MALAWI, THE NATIONAL SETTING Introduction ............................................. 67 The Demographic Condition ................................... 67 The Geographical Distribution of Population ....................... 67 The Biophysical Environment .................................. 75 Physiographic Zonation ................................... 75 Climate and Climatic Zones ................................. 80 Precipitation . ... .................. ..... . ......... 80 Air Temperatures .................................. 83 Evapotranspiration . ................................ 83 Sunshine, Relative Humidity and Winds ..................... 83 Climatic Zonation of Mala .....i.. ...................... 91 Hydrography and Drainage Patterns ........................... 91 Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 The National Economic Profile ................................. .. 98 National Development Policies and Strategies ....................... 98 Economic Performance Since Indepenlence ........................ 103 Wages, Incomes and Prices ................................. 106 Background to the Development of Agriculture in Mala .....i. ........... 106 Agricultural Development Policy and Strategies ...................... 112 Farmers' Clubs and Agricultural Credit .......................... 114 The Agricultural Situatioi. .................................... 115 Crop Production ....................................... 115 The Estate Sector ...................................... 122 Livestock .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. ... . .. . . . .. . .. .. .. ... .. 122 Irrigation . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. 123 vii Agricultural Marketing ....... ................................... 123 Constraints on Agricultural Production ...... .......................... 124 The Food and Nutrition Situation ....... ............................... 130 Conclusion .......... .............................................. 131 CHAPTER 4: CAPTURE FISHERIES IN MALAWI Introduction ......... ............................................. 136 The Fisheries Areas and Productivity ............................. 136 Lake Malavi ... ... .................. .. .... ........... 138 Lake Malombe ........................................ 142 Lake Chilwa . ... .. ..................... ... ..... ...... 143 Lake Chiuta .... .. ......................... .... ....... 143 Lower Shire Valley and Associated Wetlands ....................... 143 The Elephant Marsh ................................ 143 The Ndinde M arsh ................................. 144 The Chikawa Lagoons ............................... 144 The Bangula Marsh ................................. 144 The Lower Shire River ............................... 144 Fish Production in the Lower Shire Valley ........................ 144 The Fish Resource ......................................... 144 Lake Malavi.. ......................................... 145 Pelagic Fish Resources of Lake Malai.i ............................ 145 Offshore Pelagic Resources ................................. 145 Inshore Pelagic Resources .................................. 145 Inshore Demersal Fish Resources ................................ 146 Traditional Small-Scale Fishing ................................. 148 Technologies Used ................................................ 148 N e s . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Gill Nets (ndangala,machera) ........................... 148 Open Water Seines (chilimila.) ........................... 151 Beach Seines (kambuzi, khota) . ........................... 151 Scoop Nets (pyasa) ................................. 153 Casting Nets (chavi) ................................ 153 Traps ............................................. 154 Fence Traps .. ..... ............. ..... ... ... ...... 154 Basket Traps (mono) ................................ 155 Vegetation Trap ................................... 156 H ooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Long Lines ... .. ................ .. .... ..... ...... 156 Single Lines .. .... ........... .... ... .. . ... ... .... 156 Pole-and-Line . ............... ... ... ... ..... ...... 156 Simple Manual Techniques ................................. 156 Plunge Baskets ................................... 156 Spearing and Bow-and-Arrow ........................... 156 Stupefacients and Poisons .................................. 156 Small-Scale Fishing Craft . .................................. 156 Social Aspects of the Small-Scale Fisheries .......................... 158 Part-Time Fishermen .................................... 159 Fisheries Laborers ...................................... 159 Incomes and Earnings .................................... 159 Industrial Fisheries ........................................ 160 viii Fisheries Development Policy and Strategies ........................ 162 CHAPTER 5: THE UTILIZATION OF CAPTURE FISHERY PRODUCTS Introduction ...................... ..... ...... ... ... ...... 169 Marketing Infrastrctur. ..................................... 169 Distribution and Marketing Networks ............................. 173 The Fish Traders and Marketing Relationships ....................... 174 The Geographical Distribution of Markets for Fishery Products ............ 176 Distribution from Lake Mala~vi Fisheries ......................... 176 Distribution from Lake Malombe and the Upper Shire River .............. 177 Distribution from Lake Chilwa Fisheries ......................... 178 Distribution from the Lower Shire Fisheries ....................... 178 Price Structures .......................................... 178 Fish Consumption Patterns ................................... 183 Consumer Preferences ...... ...................................... 185 Fish Processing and Handling .................................. 187 Conclusion . . .. . ... .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . ... .. ... . . . ... . . . . .. . .. 188 CHAPTER 6: AN OVERVIEW OF AQUACULTURE IN MALAWI Introduction ............................................. 189 Aquaculture Production in Malai.i ............................... 189 The Aquaculture Policy of the Government of Mala i ..... ................ 189 The History of Aquaculture in Mala.vi ............................. 193 Trout Stocking ............................ ... ......... 193 Fish Stocking in Dams .................................... 194 Aquaculture on Estates ................................... 194 Early Experiments with Aquaculture and Extension ................... 194 The Current Status of Aquaculture in Malaivi ........................ 198 Water Storage Dams and Reservoirs ............................ 198 The Private Sector: Estates ..... .... ........................ 201 The Sugar Company of Mala~ii (SUCOMA) ................... 201 The Dwangwa Sugar Estate ............................ 202 The Kavusi Tea Estate ............................... 203 The Satemwa Tea Estate .............................. 203 The Public Sector ....................................... 203 CHAPTER 7: AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, TRAINING, EXTENSION AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS Introduction ............................................. 205 Research Facilities and Work Conducted ........................... 205 The Domasi Experimental Fish Farm (DEFF) ...................... 206 Research on Water Quality and Supplementary Inputs to Ponds ........ 207 Research on Indigenous Species .......................... 208 Research on Exotic Species ............................. 211 The Research Strategy at the DEFF ....................... 212 The Kasinthula Pilot Fish Farm (KPFF) .......................... 214 Research Conducted at the KPFF ......................... 215 ix Research at the Bunda College of Agriculture ......................... 217 Aquaculture Training ........ ....................................... 218 Training Available at Present ................................ 218 Proposals for Manpower Development ........................... 219 Aquaculture Extension ...................................... 221 Aquaculture Development Projects in Malawi ........................ 227 Area Development Projects for Aquaculture ......................... 227 The Central and Northern Regions Fish Farming Development, Extension, Training and Research Project ...................... 227 The Project on Fish Farming in the Mulanje/Phalombe Districts ........ 229 The Malawi-German Fisheries and Aquacultre Development Project (MAGFAD) ............................. 230 Research Projects for Aquaculture Development ....................... 230 The ICLARM/GTZ-FD-UM Project, Research for the Development of Tropical Aquaculture Technology Appropriate 'or Implementation in Rural Africa ............................... 231 The Polyculture Project of the IDRC ....................... 232 Conclusion .............................................. 232 CHAPTER 8: SMALL-SCALE FARMING SYSTEMS AND AQUACULTURE Introduction ............................................. 233 The Geographical Distribution of Small-Scale Aquaculture ................. 234 The Southern Region ..................................... 234 The Central Region ..................................... 235 The Northern Region ...... .............................. 236 Small-Scale Aquaculture in Southern Mala.i ........................ 236 The Mulanje District ..................................... 236 The Mwanza District ..................................... 238 Demographic Characteristics ........................... 238 Agricultural Landholdings ............................. 239 Agricultural Systems and Patterns of Garden Cropping .............. 239 The Cultivation Calendar for Garden Crops ................... 239 Garden Crop Yields ................................. 241 Livestock ..... ... ...... ...... ... ... ... ... ....... 242 Household Economies ................................ 242 Aquaculture ..................................... 243 Case Studies of Small-scale Fish Farmers in Mwanza District ......... 244 Farm 1, Jonan Village ........................... 244 Farm 2, Jonan Village ........................... 244 Farm 3, Kumphika Village ........................ 244 Farm 4, Ntaja Village ........................... 245 Farm 5, Leketa Village .......................... 245 The Zomba District ...................................... 245 Demographic Characteristics ........................... 245 Characteristics of Agricultural Landholdings .................. 246 Agricultural Systems and Patterns of Garden Cropping ............ 246 Aquaculture .... ................................. 246 Case Studies of Small-Scale Fish Farmers i Zomba District ........... 246 Farm 1, Minama Village .......................... 246 Farm 2, Chinawa Village ......................... 248 Farm 3., Mbatata Village .......................... 249 x

Description:
The Context of Small-Scale Integrated. Agriculture-Aquaculture Systems in Africa: .A Case Study of Malawi. Int~ntfnI Center for living etce. eeUchaft ffr
See more

The list of books you might like

Upgrade Premium
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.
DMCA & Copyright: Dear all, most of the website is community built, users are uploading hundred of books everyday, which makes really hard for us to identify copyrighted material, please contact us if you want any material removed.
Copyright @ PDFdrive.to, 2022 | We love our users