The Contested Status of Political Elites: At the Crossroads PDF
Preview The Contested Status of Political Elites: At the Crossroads
The Contested Status of Political Elites Contemporary Western societies are witnessing ground-b reaking social, eco- nomic, and political changes at an accelerating pace. These changes are chal- lenging the way democracy works and the role that political elites play in this system of government. Using a theoretical and empirical approach, this volume argues that political elites are urged to develop new strategies in order to achieve interest aggrega- tion, to safeguard collective action, and to maintain elite autonomy and stability. The adaptive capacities of political elites are assessed through case studies, com- parative and longitudinal analyses of their social structure, their recruitment pat- terns, and their attitudes. The book includes contributions from reputable scholars in the field of elite research and specialists on individual political systems across Europe and the US. It provides an analytical framework demon- strating that political elites are inevitable and potentially able to respond suc- cessfully to varying challenges. The book will be of key interest to scholars and students of political elites, democracy, comparative politics, political participation, and European Politics. Lars Vogel is a Post-D octoral Researcher at the Department of Political Science, Leipzig University, Germany. Ronald Gebauer is Acting Professor of Methods of Empirical Social Research at the University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Görlitz, Germany. Axel Salheiser is Research Fellow at KomRex—Center for Research on Right- Wing Extremism, Civic Education and Social Integration at Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany. Routledge Research on Social and Political Elites Series Editors: Keith Dowding and Patrick Dumont Australian National University, Australia Who are the elites that run the world? This series of books analyses who the elites are, how they rise and fall, the networks in which they operate and the effects they have on our lives. Party Members and Activists Edited by Emilie van Haute and Anika Gauja Political Representation Roles, Representatives and the Represented Edited by Marc Bühlmann and Jan Fivaz Ministerial Survival during Political and Cabinet Change Foreign Affairs, Diplomacy and War Alejandro Quiroz Flores Government Formation and Minister Turnover in Presidential Cabinets Comparative Analysis in the Americas Edited by Marcelo Camerlo and Cecilia Martínez-Gallardo The Selection of Politicians in Times of Crisis Edited by Xavier Coller, Guillermo Cordero, and Antonio M. Jaime-C astillo National Political Elites, European Integration and the Eurozone Crisis Edited by Nicolò Conti, Borbála Göncz and José Real-D ato Semi- presidentialism, Parliamentarism and Presidents Presidential Politics in Central Europe Miloš Brunclík and Michal Kubát The Contested Status of Political Elites At the Crossroads Edited by Lars Vogel, Ronald Gebauer and Axel Salheiser For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/ Routledge-Research-on-Social-and-Political-Elites/book-series/RRSPE The Contested Status of Political Elites At the Crossroads Edited by Lars Vogel, Ronald Gebauer and Axel Salheiser First published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 selection and editorial matter, Lars Vogel, Ronald Gebauer and Axel Salheiser; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Lars Vogel, Ronald Gebauer and Axel Salheiser to be identified as the authors of the editorial matter, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-0-415-79215-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-21191-6 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear Contents List of figures vii List of tables viii List of contributors x Acknowledgments xii 1 Contested status: contemporary challenges to political elites and elite responses 1 LARS VOGEL, RONALD GEBAUER, AND AXEL SALhEISER PART I Elite autonomy and security in modern democracies 23 2 Elite autonomy and post-i ndustrial problems of employment 25 JOhN hIGLEY 3 On the (lack of ) autonomy of political elites as representatives 33 JEAN- PASCAL DALOZ 4 Economic elites – political elites: scenes from a symbiosis 44 hEINRICh BEST 5 European citizens and elites in times of economic crisis and citizen unrest 58 URSULA hOFFMANN- LANGE AND MINDAUGAS KUKLYS vi Contents PART II (Changing) elite structure 85 6 Degradable elites? Modes and factors of parliamentary turnover in Europe in the early twenty- first century 87 LUCA VERZIChELLI 7 When political elites select political elites: insights into the accumulation of autonomous political capital 108 DANIEL GAXIE 8 Careers of long- standing legislators and the making of the parliamentary elite: evidence from 25 Baltic parliaments 124 MINDAUGAS KUKLYS 9 Recruitment of technocrats in Romanian cabinets 140 Laurenţiu Ştefan 10 Farewell to the party elites? Politically inexperienced ministers in Central and Eastern European cabinets 160 ELENA SEMENOVA PART III (Changing) elite attitudes and behavior 183 11 Irresponsible elites in opposition and government: the Hungarian case 185 GABRIELLA ILONSZKI AND GYöRGY LENGYEL 12 Theorists of their own practice: democracy as seen by Weimar politicians 203 JENS BORChERT 13 Immigration and its consequences for European integration: a multi- level analysis of European national representatives’ perceptions 226 RONALD GEBAUER AND LARS VOGEL Index 242 Figures 6.1 Parliamentary turnover in 17 countries (1979–2015) 94 9.1 Percentage of technocratic appointments in Romanian governments 146 9.2 Length of tenure for all ministers and experts per each cabinet (months) 155 13.1 estimated country-s pecific relationships of MPs’ left-r ight self- placement and their threat perceptions of immigration 235 Tables 1.1 Typology of elites with autonomy and security as the two dimensions of elite status 5 3.1 An overview of major normative approaches of political representation 34 5.1 Elections, electoral volatility, and changes in government in 31 European democracies 2009–2016 65 5.2 Electoral volatility in 19 Western European democracies 1990 to July 2016 66 5.3 Kornhauser’s model of mass society 75 5.4 Newcomers in the German Bundestag 78 6.1 Possible determinants of legislative turnover 89 6.2 Legislative turnover in europe: descriptive figures 93 6.3 Proposed hypotheses, variable and measurements 96 6.4 Factors affecting turnover in 164 elections in 17 countries (1979–2015) 98 6.5 Parliamentary turnover in the largest parliamentary group: recent cases of “critical elections” in Europe 100 7.1 Political ascent and social background (members of the Socialist, Green, and Left Liberal majority elected in 2012) 113 7.2 Political ascent and social background (members of the 2007–2012 Conservative and Center-R ight majority) 116 7.3 Political attributes and political ascent (members of the Socialist, Green, and Left Liberal majority elected in 2012) 119 7.4 Political ascent and social background (members of the 2007–2012 Conservative and Center-R ight majority) 120 8.1 Percentage of MPs serving at least three legislative terms after 1990 125 8.2 Political party and party family switching among legislators (average) 133 8.3 heads of the Baltic parliaments from 1990 onwards 135 9.1 Number of times technocrats served in the cabinet 145 9.2 Appointments of expert and non-p artisan ministers in Romanian cabinets 147 Tables ix 9.3 Ministerial portfolios held by expert and non-p artisan ministers 153 9.4 Ministerial tenures 153 9.5 Average length of ministerial tenures 155 9.6 Ministerial status 156 9.7 Experience as deputy ministers 156 9.8 Ministers with postgraduate degrees 157 9.9 Ministers with PhDs 157 9.10 Technocratic ministers successfully running for the national and European parliament 158 10.1 Institutional frameworks of the CEE countries 165 10.2 Political background of all first-t ime ministers in democratic cabinets, 1991/1992/1993–2009 167 10.3 Selected socio-d emographic characteristics of first-t ime OUTSIDER ministers, 1991/1992/1993–2009 172 10.4 First- time OUTSIDER ministers in different types of portfolios, 1991/1992/1993–2009 (percent) 175 11.1 regime type, elite configuration, leadership traits, and frames of irresponsibility 190 11.2 Irresponsibility of governing and oppositional elites before and after 2010 elections 196 13.1 Threat perception of immigration from non-E U countries 231 13.2 Proposed hypotheses, variables, and measurements 232 13.3 Multi- level models for threat perceptions of immigration from non- EU countries 236
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