The Constitutional Antiquities of Sparta and Athens

507 Pages·1895·38.7 MB·English

by  G. Gustav

THE
j^i^^^
Constitutional Antiquities
•
OF
SPARTA AND ATHENS
BY
Dr. GUSTAV gilbert
• » ft
Translated by
E. BROOKS, M.A. T. NICKLIN, M.A.
J.
Fellow of St. Johtis College Late Scholarof St. fohtis College
With an Introductory Note by
E. SANDYS, LiTT.D.
J.
Public Oratorin the University of Cambridge
SWAN SONNEI^SCHEIN & CO
NEW YORK: MACMILLAN & CO
1895
i'.y
B0TLEE & TaNNBE,
The Sblwood Feinting Wokks,
' Feome, akd London.
7^3^-2-
;
INTRODUCTOEY NOTE.
There are three different kinds o£ books which we may
use in studying the Constitutional Antiquities of Greece.
We may gather our information from articles in a Diction-
ary of Antiquities or we may select the constitutional
;
chapters in any comprehensive History of Greece or,
;
lastly, we may consult a Handbook specially devoted to
this topic alone. Articles in a Dictionary are certainly
useful for the study of minute details, but information
derived from this source is apt to be disconnected and
unsystematic. Again, the constitutional chapters in a
History do not usually dwell on points of detail, while the
total space which a historian can afford to assign to con-
stitutional subjects is generally only a small part of the
entire work. It may also be observed that the constitu-
tional portions of Grote's History of Greece^ originally
published in 1846-1855, do not in any of the later editions
take account of the important criticisms of Schomann,
which appeared in 1854, and were translated into English
in 1878, while, of course, they cannot include the results
of more recent research in the same department of learn-
ing. As compared with a Dictionary, a good Handbook
is at least as minute, while it is much more systematic
as compared with a History, it leaves much more room
for full and comprehensive treatment. The popularity of
—
vi Introductory Note.
the Handbook as a means of study may be exemplified
by tbe fact that Potter's Antiquities of Greece^ the early
work of a future Archbishop of Canterbury, which was
first published in 1697, passed through many editions
and was long regarded as almost indispensable to the
classical student.
At the present day, one of the very best Handbooks of
Greek Constitutional Antiquities is that produced, in two
volumes, by Gustav Gilbeet, of Gotha, under the title:
Handhuch der Griechischen StaatsalterthUmer^ Leipzig (Teub-
ner), 1881-5, the first volume containing the constitutions
of Sparta and Athens. This important volume, the value
of which has been widely recognised, has been considerably
improved in the second edition, published in 1893. Not
only has it been thoroughly revised by the light of recent
research, but it has been further enriched by the results
of the discovery and publication of Aristotle's Constitutio7i
of Athens (1891), the value of which is duly estimated in
a special introductory chapter. Gilbert's own account of
the constitutions of Sparta and Athens is divided into
two parts, (1) a sketch of the historical development of
the constitution ; and (2) a detailed description of its
component parts. It is interesting to notice that, in this
division of the subject, he had unconsciously followed what
we now know to have been the method adopted by
Aristotle himself. In the notes, the ancient texts (in-
cluding inscriptions) are generally quoted in full, while
the references to the modem literature of the subject are
usually limited to the best and the most accessible authori-
ties, to the exclusion of inaccessible or obsolete works.
For the constitutional history of Athens and Sparta,
Gilbert's first volume has become a recognised text-book
Introductory Note, vii
in England, where tlie only drawback to its still wider
usefulness is the fact that it is written in Grerman. This
drawback is now removed by the translation which is here
offered to the public by two of my former pupils. The
translation, so far as I have compared it with the original,
appears to have been executed with skill and accuracy,
and with a due regard to the differences between German
and English idiom. The only part which has been
minutely examined by myself is the introductory chapter
on Aristotle's Constitution of Athens^ where, besides revising
the proof-sheets, I have added a few references to the more
recent literature of the subject. I have also suggested a
few addenda and corrigenda in other parts of the work.
The volume, in its English dress, fully deserves to be
warmly welcomed by every English student of Greek
history, and to be extensively used in schools and colleges
on either side of the Atlantic.
J. E. SANDYS.
Cambeidge, March, 1895.
TRANSLATORS' PREFACE.
In preparing this translation we have not felt authorized to add
anything, or to make any alterations in the original text, beyond
correcting a very few trivial details including those noted in the
author's preface. We have, however, supplied a few references to
some of the more accessible English works and translations, and
also to the general literature of the subject. For almost all of
these last we are indebted to Dr. Sandys, to whom we would here
express our best thanks for the kind interest he has taken in the
We
work. have also considered it advisable for the convenience
of readers to make the Index fuller and more complete than that
of the German edition. In a few quotations from the ^kB-qvaimv
noAireiathe text of Dr.Sandys'edition(1893)hasbeenusedinstead
of that ofProf. Blass. To help the reader to find references to the
German editions the paging of the firstedition is given on the left-
hand side at the top of each page, and the paging of the second
edition on the right. In the transliteration of Greek words the
ordinary English spelling has been retained in words that have
become familiarto the general English reader,for instance, Thucy-
dides, Corinth. In more unusual words such as Kerykes, Skyros,
k is written wherever c might lead to mispronunciation. For the
corrigenda on p. xix we can only ask the reader's indulgence, and
hope that the list is complete.
IX
FEOM THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
In this second edition of my Manual, as in the first, the Table of
Contentsand the Index are supplementaryto one another nothing
;
has been admitted into the Index which could not be readily
found in the Table. The edition which I have used of Aristotle's
'AOrjvaLOiv UoXiTiia is that of Blass (1892). I was unable to make
any use of Szanto's article on The Cleisthenian Trittyes in
Hermes, 1892, p. 312 ff., or Milchhofer's investigations of Cleis-
thenes' organization of the Demes in Ahhandl. der Berl. Akad.j
1892. M. Frankel's article in N. Eh. Mus., 1892, 473 ff. (cf. p.
121^), with whose conclusions I cannot agree ; J. E. Kirchner's
on the Antigonis and Demetrias tribes in N. Eh. Mus., 1892,
550 if. (cf. p. 200^), Lolling's on More Psephismsof the time of the
13tribesin 'Apx- SeXr., 1892, p. 42 (cf. p. 201i), and Dragumes' on
the XcVxat in Mitth. d. dtsch. Inst, in Ath. 17, 147 ff. (cf. p. 106^),
all appeared too late for me toavail myself ofthem. Bruno Keil's
work,however,onTheSolonianConstitutioninAristotle'sAthenian
Constitutional History, 1892, was available for the revision of the
Introduction. I must ask the reader's indulgence for any mis-
prints which may have escaped my notice.
GUSTAV GILBERT.
GoTHA,November,1892.
XI
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION. Aristotle's 'M-nvaluv UoXirela, xxi-1.
THE LACEDEMONIAN STATE.
HISTORY.
I.
Historical Development ofthe Lacedcemonian Statewit\a Sketch
ofits Constitution under Roman Rule.
AaKcoviK^3. Dorianimmigration,DualKingship4. Aigeidai5. Synoikis-
mosofSparta7. Conquestof Laoonia 10. Landtenure11. Noblesat
Sparta12. DistinctionbetweenlandedestatesoftheNoblesandKXrjpot
of theCommons 13. Lycurgus 15. EstablishmentoftheEphorate16.
Statuteof Theopompos 17. Partheniai 18. Terpandros, Tyrtaios 19.
Developmentof Ephorate 20. Attempts at Revolution,Loss of Mes-
senia22. Statute ofEpitadeus23. Agis IV. and Cleomenes III., End
of Royalty, Rule of Despots24. Sparta under Roman Rule, Classifi-
cation of Citizens, irarpovbixoL 25. 'e4>opoi, poixo<f>vXaK€s, ypafMfx'aTocp^Xa^,
^Ideoi, dyopavofwt 26. 7re5tai'6^ot, iTrifieXrjTal, Xoxayds^ iTnrdpxas, 7rp^(r/3us, al
avvapxiai, <t6v5lkol, yepovaia 27. ^ovXt^, Popular Assembly, Lycurgean
Constitution, Eleutherolacones 28. FederalOfficials, Constitutions of
theindividualtowns29.
11. ANTIQUITIES.
1. Elements ofthe Population.
A. TheHelots.
Name, Place of Abode 30. Legal Status 31. Treatment32. KpvirTeia 33.
v€odafi(i}8€ts, [i6daK(s34.
B. Ferioicoi.
PlaceofAbode,Origin35. Occupation, Legal Status36.
C. Spartiatai.
STraprtarai 37. Place of Abode, Numbers 38. Conditions necessary for
citizenship,S/xoioi39. virofieioves,Political Classification40.
2. The Government.
A. TheKings.
Royal Families, Succession 42. Prerogatives of Kings 43. Funeral
obsequies44. Religiousfunctions45. JudicialandMilitaryfunctions
46. Generalposition47.
xiii
xiv Contents.
JB. The CouncilofElders.
Name,NumberofCouncillors47. Modeofappointment48. Powers49.
C. Apella.
Name,OneApella50. PlaceofMeeting, Powers51.
D. Epliors.
A Board, How appointed,Officialquarters 52. Entranceonoffice, Powers
53. Summoning andPresidencyof Apella and Councilof Elders 54.
Foreign affairs 55. Police supervision56. SupervisionoverOfficials
and Kings 57. Over Perioicoi and Helots, Xenelasia, Finance, Re-
ligiousfunctions58.
E. Other Officials.
In general, irpd^epot, Ili^^tot, ifJLir^Xupoi, apfibavvoL 59. TraiSovcJ/xos, ^/ATraiSej,
apfioaral, vavapxos, iTLaroXeOs^ Military officers, 6 iwl ttjs KpVTTTelas reray-
fiipos,liriraypeTai, dyaddepyot60. Subordinateofficials61.
3. Military Matters.
Military Character of theState 61. Education 62. elcrirv^Xas and dtras,
Syssitia65. DivisionsoftheArmy67. LiabilitytoService,'nnreli72.
Equipment, Military Service of Helots, Skiritai 73. Light-armed
Troops, Cavalry, Camp-followers, Engineers, Baggage 74. The King
andhisStaff75. Armyinthefield 76. rp^aavTes,Fleet77.
4. Finance and Administration ofJustice.
The common metals as Standardsof Value, Laconian Coinage 78. Gold
and SilverinLaconia79, Financialadministration.Judicialadminis-
tration. CourtofElders80. Ephors, Kings81.
5. The Lacedcemonian League.
Conquests of the Spartiatai 81. Sparta and Tegea, Establishment of
Lacedaemonian Hegemony 82. Position of Sparta during Persian
Wars84. SpartaHegemonof allHellas85. Liberation of Greeks of
the -Slgean, The Lacedaemonians Champions of the King's Peace86.
The Peloponnesian League 88. Eights and Duties of thepresiding
State andoftheAllies89.
THE ATHENIAN STATE.
^^ I. HISTORY.
ds^. The Athenian Statefromthe earliest times till Solon.
Physical features of Attica 95. Population 96. Political condition in
earliesttimes98. Independent communitieson thesiteof Athens99.
Synoikismos of the cityof Athens 100. Synoikismos of Attica lOl.
Nature of the Synoikismos 102. The Ionic Phylai 103. Attic Tii^
104. Theold AtticsystemofPhylai andPhratries105. Extensionof
the franchise 107. Conditionsnecessaryforthe franchise,oldest form
of Constitution 109. Gradual diminution of the royal Power 110.
V
<
Contents. xv
Thehigherannual magistrates112. KoiKaKpiraL 113. Eighttoelection
andeligibilityfor office,Areopagus114. HohLTelatQvlirir^uv115. Non-
Eupatrid population 116. "EiKT-niibpoi 117. Kylon 118. Draco 119.
UoKireia tCjv ottXltQiv 120. Council 121. EcclesiaT, Areopagus 122.
Jurisdiction of Ephetai and Prytaneis, e^^rat 123. "ir/ourSPetj,Draco
laws125. Socialconditions 126.
2. From Solon to Eucleides.
Social Conditions 126. Solon 127. Seto-cix^eta 128. Census-classes 130.
PoliticalRights131. Taxation132. Naucrary-system 133. Basisof
assessment-classes 134. Trade and industries 135. Magistrates, ol
ivv^a &pxovT€s 126. BovX-^, Council of Areopagus 137. Ecclesia 138.
Heliaia 139. Solon'sLaws 140r""Discoriteiii, Damasias, Constitutional
Changes 141. Local factions 142. The Peisistratidai 144. Their
overthrow, Cleisthenes 145. Extension of theFranchise, NewPhylai
and Demes 146.~~Trittyes 147. New Phratry-system 148. The old
Phylai, Conditionsof citizenship 150. Classification on Decimal Sys-
tem 151. Ostracism 152. Newarrangementofmilitaryofficers, new
mode ofappointing the 9Archons 153. Supremacyof theAreopagus,
itsoverthrow154. Nomophylakes155. Athensasa GreatPower 156.
Admissionof theZeugitai to theArchonship, Deme-judges157. New
Franchise Law, The Peloponnesian War 158. Alterations under
Eucleides159.
/3. ^ConstitutionalHistoryofAthens after B,C. 322, with Sketch of
^—
the Athenian Constitution under Roman Rule.
Athens under Roman rule 162. Franchise, Magistrates 180. <jTpaTrfyol
163. &pxovT€^^ dyopavo/JLoi 164. iTrifieXrjrai, cnruivrjs, Financial officials,
Council 165. Areopagus 167. Justice, Ecclesia 168.
n. ANTIQUITIES.
1. Constituent Elements ofthe Population.
A. Slaves.
Numberand origin 170. Condition, Legal status 171. oi x^P^^ olKoCvres.
Stateslaves173. Manumission174. Freedmen175.
B. Metoicoi.
Number and origin 176. irpoaTdTTjs 177. Burdens imposed on Metoicoi,
liability to military service 178. fMeroiKiou, Marketdues 179. Leitur-
gies, d(T(f)op6. 180. aKacprj^opia,Privileges 181. IcroreXels, Tribunal 183.
f CJTheBurgessbody.
Number183. Newcitizens, Modeofcreation184 Political rightsof new
citizens 186. Platgeans, Old citizens, Descent 187. Marriage 188.
Legal concubinage, Illegitimate children 190. Naming of children,
Admission into Phratries 191. Enrolment in list of the Deme 197.
Burgessrights, Theirdiminution, extension 199.