The condemnation of blackness : race, crime, and the making of modern urban America PDF
Preview The condemnation of blackness : race, crime, and the making of modern urban America
The Condemnation of Blackness Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America K H A L I L G I B R A N M U H A M M A D THE CONDEMNATION OF BLACKNESS THE CONDEMNATION OF BLACKNESS RACE, CRIME, AND THE MAKING OF MODERN URBAN AMERICA Khalil Gibran Muhammad harvard university press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, En gland Copyright © 2010 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First Harvard University Press paperback edition, 2011 Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Muhammad, Khalil Gibran, 1972 – The condemnation of blackness : race, crime, and the making of modern urban America / Khalil Gibran Muhammad. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 674- 03597- 3 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-674-06211-5 (pbk.) 1. Crime and race— United States. 2. African Americans— Social conditions. 3. Discrimination in criminal justice administration— United States. 4. United States— Race relations. I. Title. HV6197.U5M85 2010 364.2'56—dc22 2009014930 For Stephanie, Gibran, Jordan, and Justice, and for my parents, Ozier and Kimberly CONTENTS List of Illustrations ix Introduction: The Mismeas ure of Crime 1 1 Saving the Nation: The Racial Data Revolution and the Negro Problem 15 2 Writing Crime into Race: Racial Criminalization and the Dawn of Jim Crow 35 3 Incriminating Culture: The Limits of Racial Liberalism in the Progressive Era 88 4 Preventing Crime: White and Black Reformers in Philadelphia 146 5 Fighting Crime: Politics and Prejudice in the City of Brotherly Love 192 6 Policing Racism: Jim Crow Justice in the Urban North 226 Conclusion: The Conundrum of Criminality 269 Manuscript Sources 279 Notes 281 Ac know ledg ments 369 Index 375 vii ILLUSTRATIONS “A Downtown ‘Morgue,’ ” c. 1890 55 “How Criminals Are Made,” c. 1907 102 “American Logic,” c. 1913 142 Youth of the Friends Neighborhood Guild, c. 1901 156 “The Washington Party,” c. 1901 159 Staged Charity Photo of Black Children as Pickaninnies, c. 1905 162 Handbill of the Joint Or ga ni za tion of the AEIO and LCPR, c. 1909 184 Pledge Card of the Association for Equalizing Industrial Opportunities, c. 1909 186 Adella Bond Defends Herself in Philadelphia Race Riot, c. 1918 212 Stoned to Death by a White Mob during the Chicago Race Riot, c. 1919 237 Police Search African Americans for Weapons during the Chicago Race Riot, c. 1919 239 “Puzzle: Find the ‘Keepers of the Peace,’ ” c. 1928 250 “Be First to Let Him Out,” c. 1929 264 ix
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