The Concise Focal Encyclopedia of Photography. From the First Photo on Paper to the Digital Revolution PDF
Preview The Concise Focal Encyclopedia of Photography. From the First Photo on Paper to the Digital Revolution
Acquisitions Editor: Diane Heppner Publishing Services Manager: George Morrison Senior Project Manager: Brandy Lilly Associate Acquisitions Editor: Valerie Geary Assistant Editor: Doug Shults Marketing Manager: Christine Degon Veroulis Cover Design: Alisa Andreola Interior Design: Alisa Andreola Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK Copyright © 2008, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ((cid:2)44) 1865 843830, fax: ((cid:2)44) 1865 853333, E-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Support & Contact” then “Copyright and Permission” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Application submitted British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-0-240-80998-4 For information on all Focal Press publications visit our website at www.books.elsevier.com 07 08 09 10 11 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China Prelims-K80998.indd iv 6/20/07 6:14:37 PM Photographers and Image Contributors Berenice Abbott Abraham Bogardus Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Arts George Eastman House Collection New York Pubic Library Rochester, New York, USA New York, New York, USA Mathew Brady Ansel Adams George Eastman House Collection Ansel Adams Publishing Rights Trust Rochester, New York, USA Mill Valley, California, USA Adolphe Braun Robert Adams George Eastman House Collection George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Anne W. Brigman Raymond K. Albright George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Gordon P. Brown Thomas Annan Imaging Consultant Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Nancy Burson George Eastman House Collection Frederick Scott Archer Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Julia Margaret Cameron George Eastman House Collection Eugéne Atget Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Lewis Carroll Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Anna Atkins Rochester, New York, USA Spencer Collection Charles Chevalier New York Pubic Library New York, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Édouard Baldus Carl Chiarenza George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Thomas Barrow Antoine-Francois Jean Claudet George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA A. Bartlett George Eastman House Collection Chuck Close Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Samuel A. Bemis George Eastman House Collection Commerce Graphics, Ltd, Inc. Rochester, New York, USA New York, New York, USA ix Prelims-K80998.indd ix 6/20/07 6:14:39 PM x Photographers and Image Contributors Robert Cornelius Elliot Erwitt George Eastman House Collection George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Cromer’s Amateur Daguerreotypist Frederick H. Evans George Eastman House Collection George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Louis-Jacques-Mandé-Daguerre Walker Evans George Eastman House Collection George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Andrew Davidhazy Eye of Science Professor Oliver Meckes and Nicole Ottawa School of Photographic Arts and Sciences Reutlingen Germany Rochester Institute of Technology www.eyeofscience.com Rochester, New York, USA Amy Faber Bruce Davidson Student Magnum Photos Shippensburg University George Eastman House Collection West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA Rochester, New York, USA Roger Fenton George Eastman House Collection George Davison Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Robert Fichter George Eastman House Collection F. Holland Day Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Jacob Forsell Photographer André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri Stockholm, Sweden George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Samuel M. Fox George Eastman House Collection Maxime du Camp Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Abe Frajndlich Rochester, New York, USA Visual Studies Workshop Louis Ducos Du Hauron Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Felice Frankel Rochester, New York, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology P. Dujardin and Léonard Berger Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA George Eastman House Collection Lee Friedlander Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection George Eastman House Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House International Francis Frith Museum of Photography and Film George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Peter Henry Emerson Adam Fuss George Eastman House Collection George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Prelims-K80998.indd x 6/20/07 6:14:39 PM Photographers and Image Contributors xi Alexander Gardner Graciela Iturbide George Eastman House Collection George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA GM Media Archive Frederic Ives General Motors George Eastman House Collection Detroit, Michigan, USA Rochester, New York, USA Gernsheim Collection William Henry Jackson Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center George Eastman House Collection The University of Texas at Austin Rochester, New York, USA Austin, Texas, USA Laura Adelaide Johnson Elias Goldensky George Eastman House Collection George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Emmet Gowin J. Murray Jordan George Eastman House Collection George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Baron Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gros Kenneth Josephson George Eastman House Collection George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Ernst Haas John Kaplan George Eastman House Collection Professor Rochester, New York, USA College of Journalism and Communications Philippe Halsman University of Florida George Eastman House Collection Gainesville, Florida, USA Rochester, New York, USA www.johnkaplan.com Franz Hanfstaengl Gertrude Käsebier George Eastman House Collection George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Barry Haynes Mark Klett Independent Author and Photographer George Eastman House Collection Gibsons, British Columbia, Canada Rochester, New York, USA www.barryhaynes.com Eastman Kodak Company Robert Heinecken Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection www.kodak.com Rochester, New York, USA Les Krims Alexander Hesler George Eastman House Collection Illinois State Historical Society Rochester, New York, USA Chicago, Illinois, USA David Octavius Hill and Robert Barbara Kruger and the Adamson Mary Boone Gallery George Eastman House Collection New York City, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Dorthea Lange Lewis W. Hine Farm Security Administration George Eastman House Collection Offi ce of War Information Photograph Rochester, New York, USA Collection Prelims-K80998.indd xi 6/20/07 6:14:40 PM xii Photographers and Image Contributors Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Susan Meisalas Division Magnum Photos Washington D.C., USA George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA W. and F. Langenheim George Eastman House Collection Joel Meyerowitz Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Gustave Le Gray George Eastman House Collection Richard Misrach Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Henri Le Sec Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Laszlo Moholy-Nagy Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Life Magazine Rochester, New York, USA New York, New York, USA Museum of Contemporary Photography Gabriel Lippmann Columbia College Chicago George Eastman House Collection Chicago, Illinois, USA Rochester, New York, USA J. Tomas Lopez Eadweard J. Muybridge Professor George Eastman House Collection Art and Art History Rochester, New York, USA University of Miami Rebecca Myers Coral Gables, Florida, USA Student Danny Lyon Shippensburg University Edwynn Houk Gallery Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, USA George Eastman House Collection Nadar Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Joan Lyons Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Joseph Nicéphore Niépce Rochester, New York, USA Gernsheim Collection Nathan Lyons Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center George Eastman House Collection The University of Texas at Austin Rochester, New York, USA Austin, Texas, USA David Malin Willie Osterman Astronomer/Photographic Scientist Professor Anglo-Australian Telescope School of Photographic Arts and Sciences Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Rochester Institute of Technology RMIT University Rochester, New York, USA Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Timothy H. O’Sullivan Mary Ellen Mark George Eastman House Collection George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Pach Brothers Thomas L. McCartney George Eastman House Collection West Palm Beach, Florida, USA Rochester, New York, USA Prelims-K80998.indd xii 6/20/07 6:14:40 PM Photographers and Image Contributors xiii Olivia Parker Rochester Institute of Technology George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Arthur Rothstein Gordon Parks Farm Security Administration Farm Security Administration Offi ce of War Information Photograph Offi ce of War Information Photograph Collection Collection Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Division Washington, D.C., USA Washington, D.C., USA Jean Baptiste Sabatier-Blot Martin Parr George Eastman House Collection Magnum Photos Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Erich Salomon Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Joe Petrella Rochester, New York, USA Daily News L.P. Lucas Samaras New York, New York, USA Pace/MacGill Gallery www.dailynewspix.com New York City, New York, USA Michael Profi tt Scully and Osterman Archives Shippensburg University Student Rochester, New York, USA Kirkland, Washington, USA Sonia Landy Sheridan Stephanie Prokop George Eastman House Collection Student Rochester, New York, USA Shippensburg University Hamilton Square, New Jersey, USA Cindy Sherman Metro Picture Gallery Jill Rakowicz New York, New York, USA Student John Shaw Smith Shippensburg University Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, USA George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Oscar Rejlander Frederick Sommer George Eastman House Collection George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Richter & Company Frederick and Francis Sommer George Eastman House Collection Foundation Rochester, New York, USA Prescott, Arizona, USA James Robertson Southworth & Hawes George Eastman House Collection George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Henry Peach Robinson Paul Strand George Eastman House Collection George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA RIT Archives and Special J.C. Strauss Collections George Eastman House Collection Wallace Memorial Library Rochester, New York, USA Prelims-K80998.indd xiii 6/20/07 6:14:40 PM xiv Photographers and Image Contributors Nancy M. Stuart, Ph.D. Doris Ulmann Executive Vice President and Provost George Eastman House Collection The Cleveland Institute of Art Rochester, New York, USA Cleveland, Ohio, USA Visual Studies Workshop William Henry Fox Talbot VSW Archive George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Weegee David Teplica, M.D., MFA International Center of Photography/ Fine Artist, Plastic and Reconstructive Getty Images Surgeon George Eastman House Collection Chicago, Illinois, USA Rochester, New York, USA John Thomson Clarence H. White George Eastman House Collection George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Adrien Tournachon Joel Peter Witkin George Eastman House Collection George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Jerry Uelsmann Zeiss MicroImaging George Eastman House Collection Thornwood, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Prelims-K80998.indd xiv 6/20/07 6:14:41 PM Contributors Lynne Bentley-Kemp, Ph.D. David C. Hart, Ph.D. Head of Photography Assistant Professor Florida Keys Community College Cleveland Institute of Art Key West, Florida, USA Cleveland, Ohio, USA David Brittain Barry Haynes AHRC Research Fellow Photographic Author Manchester Metropolitan University Gibsons, British Columbia, Canada Manchester, London, United Kingdom www.barryhaynes.com Daniel Burge Robert Hirsch Research Scientist Light Research Image Permanence Institute Buffalo, New York USA Rochester Institute of Technology www.lightresearch.net Rochester, New York, USA Daile Kaplan Christopher Burnett Vice-President and Director of Photographs Director Swann Galleries, Inc. Visual Studies Workshop New York, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA http://vsw.org John Kaplan Bruce Checefsky Professor Director College of Journalism and Communications Reinberger Galleries University of Florida The Cleveland Institute of Art Gainesville, Florida, USA Cleveland, Ohio, USA www.johnkaplan.com A. D. Coleman J. Tomas Lopez Independent Photography Critic, Historian, Professor and Curator Art and Art History Staten Island, New York, USA University of Miami http://photocritic.com Coral Gables, Florida, USA Margaret P. Evans David Malin Associate Professor Astronomer/Photographic Scientist Communication/Journalism Department Anglo-Australian Observatory Shippensburg University Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, USA Adjunct Professor of Scientifi c Photography John (Craig) Freeman RMIT University Associate Professor Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Emerson College Doug Manchee Boston, Massachusetts, USA Associate Professor Gretchen Garner School of Photographic Arts and Sciences Photographic Author and Scholar Rochester Institute of Technology Columbus, Ohio, USA Rochester, New York, USA vii Prelims-K80998.indd vii 6/20/07 6:14:38 PM viii Contributors Mark Osterman Millard Schisler Process Historian School of Print Media George Eastman House International Rochester Institute of Technology Museum of Photography Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Nancy M. Stuart, Ph.D. Saul Ostrow Executive Vice President and Provost The Cleveland Institute of Art Associate Professor Cleveland, Ohio, USA Chair, Visual Arts and Technologies Head of Painting Garie Waltzer The Cleveland Institute of Art Photographer and Consultant Cleveland, Ohio, USA Photography Program Coordinator (Retired) Editor, Critical Voices in Art, Culture, and Cuyahoga Community College Theory Cleveland, Ohio, USA Routledge, United Kingdom Ken White Michael Peres Associate Professor Professor Fine Art Photography Biomedical Photographic Communications School of Photographic Arts and Sciences School of Photographic Arts and Sciences Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester , New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Richard Zakia, Ph.D. Grant B. Romer Professor Emeritus Director of Conservation School of Photographic Arts and Sciences George Eastman House International Rochester Institute of Technology Museum of Photography Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Gary Sampson, Ph.D. Associate Professor Liberal Arts Associate Dean Graduate Studies The Cleveland Institute of Art Cleveland, Ohio, USA Th e following individuals prepared entries for the 1969 edition of the Focal Encyclopedia of Photography Desk Edition or the Focal Encyclopedia of Photography, 3rd Edition, which have been reproduced in this Edition. Mary Street Alinder H. Harting Arthur Chevalier C.H. Oakden R. Colson M. von Rohr Joseph DeMaio M.E. and K.R. Swan J.C. Gregory Prelims-K80998.indd viii 6/20/07 6:14:38 PM About the Editors Michael Peres is the Chairman of the Biomedical Photographic Communications department at the Rochester Institute of Technology where he is also a Professor in the School of Photo- graphic Arts and Sciences. Professor Peres teaches and specializes in photomicrography as well as biomedical photography. He began teaching at RIT in 1986 and has authored numerous publications, delivered more than 100 oral papers, and conducted more than 35 imaging- related workshops all over the United States as well as in Sweden, Tanzania, the Netherlands, Germany, and Australia. He has been a member of Bio-Communications Association since 1978 and is currently a member of the Ophthalmic Photographer’s Society. Peres serves as the Chair of the Lennart Nilsson Award Nominating Committee, is one of the coordinators of the annual R.I.T Big Shot (www.rit.edu/bigshot) project and the R.I.T Images from Science project (http://images.rit.edu). In 2003, Peres was awarded RIT’s Eisenhart award given annually for outstanding teaching. Michael holds a Master’s Degree in Instructional Technology and Bach- elors degrees in Biology and Biomedical Photographic Communications. Mark Osterman is process historian for the Advanced Residency Program in Photograph Conservation at the George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film. Mark is a recognized expert in the technical evolution of photography and leads a series of demonstrations and workshops in his area of expertise worldwide. Osterman frequently demonstrates the pre-photographic techniques, the earliest photosensitive methods of Niépce and Daguerre through gelatin emulsion for papers and plates. A graduate from the Kansas City Art Institute, Osterman has taught studio and darkroom photography for 20 years at the George School in Bucks County, Pennsylvania prior to coming to the George Eastman House. With his wife France Scully Osterman, Scully and Osterman are widely recognized as the foremost experts in the collodion process in all its variants. Th rough their research, writings, workshops and exhibitions the Ostermans have been the single most important infl uence in the current revival of collodion in fi ne art photography. Grant B. Romer is currently the Director of the Advanced Residency Program in Photograph Conservation at the George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film. He has been active as an educator and advocate for the conservation of photographs and a specialist in the history and practice of the nineteenth century photography, particularly the daguerreotype. He has lectured extensively world-wide as well as having held numerous fellowships and visiting professorships. A graduate of the Pratt Institute and the Rochester Institute of Technology, Romer joined the staff of the International Museum of Photography and Film at George Eastman House in 1978 when he became its Conservator. He has also served as curator of numerous exhibitions, most notably the permanent historical survey gallery of the museum, and recently, “Young America—Th e Daguerreotypes of Southworth and Hawes.” Romer is recognized, internationally, for his broad understanding of photography and unique perspectives on the importance and nature of the medium. Nancy M. Stuart is the Executive Vice President and Provost of Th e Cleveland Institute of Art. From 1984–2002 she held various faculty and administrative positions including Associate Professor of Photography, Associate and Acting Director of the School of Photographic Arts and Sciences, as well as the Associate Dean of the College of Imaging Arts and Sciences at xv Prelims-K80998.indd xv 6/20/07 6:14:41 PM
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