The concept of an Islamic state in Pakistan: An analysis of ideological controversies

247 Pages·1991·5.72 MB·English

by  Ishtiaq Ahmed

An Analysis of Ideological Controversies
Ishtiaq Ahmed
ThCeo ncoefpa tnI slamic
Staint Pea kistan
I
AnA nalyosfIi dse olCoognitcraolv ersies
IshtAhmieadq
·
VANGUARD
AUri ghrestse roeNdo.p arlo ft hpisu blicamtaiybo erepn ro duced
or transimnai ntfyto ermod r by anmye answ ithporiourt
permissiionwn ri tifnrogmt haeu thaonrpd u blisher
CopyrigPhatk isEtdaint i1o9n9:1 V,a nguaBrodo kLst d
VanguaBrodo kPsv tL td
HeadO ffice:4 5T heM allL ahorPea kistan
Ph:5 778331,1 064F,a x0:4 2-321T68i0x4 :7 42S1C OOPP K
BrancOhffi ce:D -212.KD,A 1 A,S tdaiumR oadK,a rachi
.P h:4 2357412,1 564
. ·
BrancOhffi ce:J innSauhpe rM arkeIts,l amabad
Ph:822443,814452
PrintaetId n kthiaibJ adePereds s,
AbbotR oadL,a hore
ISBNH:B 969-402-028-X
ISBNP:B 969-402-029-8
Contents
Acknowledgements vii
Glossary ix
ParIt 1
1 Introduction \ 3
2 A schemoefa nalysis 15
Parllt 43
3 Muslipmo lithiecrailt age 45
4 Islaamn dt hdee manfdoP ra kistan 66
ParIDt 85
5 Thes acrsetda etxec ludhiunmga wni ll 87
6 Thes acrsetda atdem itthiunmgaw ni ll 121
7 Thes ecusltaarat dem ittdiinvgiw niel l 150
8 Thes ecusltaaret xec luddiinvgiw niel l 163
ParIVt 171
9 Systemaantailcyo sfti hsce o nceopfat nI slasmtiact e 173
10C onclusion 195
PrimaSroyu rces 226
SeleBcitb liography 227
Index 231
Fomry m othSeirt ara,
Myw ifMee Uha
anmdy s oSna hir
Acknowldegeem�ts
Scientiinfviecs ticgaanbt eiv oenre yx actOinnegh .a st oa ccetphtath te
journbeeyg,i nnwiinttghh ceh oiocfaet opaincde ndiwnigt ahb ooik,st o
bec ompleltaerdg tehlryo uagw hi thdrfraowma.lt choes itehri nignls i fe.
Sucha trysvto,l untmaardielw yi tsho litiusdn eo,te astyo b eaAr .
researicslh uecrki yfh eh asa ccetsoss y mpathaentdci ocn cerhneeldp
frotmh meo rlee armneemdb eorfsh ipsr ofesesnijoonty,hs se o lidoafr ity
hisp eertsh,el ovoef h ifrsi enadnsd d ear oannedps o,s sesssoemse
amounotf p ersoencacle,n traincdpi etrys everAalnltc hee.sf ea ctors
contritbotu htfieen aolu tcome.
If inmdy seilndf e bitnm anyd irectainodan1 sb,si utr praitsm eyod wn
elemenotfcs o nstaTnhcayn.k asr ed uef irosfta ltlo m y supervisor,
ProfesKsjoerlG lo ldmanwnh,o sge' uidahnacsbe e enc ruciin atlh e
completoifto hni bso okI. r eceihveeldap n de ncouragefrmoemn.t
ProfeGsusnonra Wra llAisns,o Pcr.o Efl.i Baesr agn dA ssoPcr.o Bfj.o rn,
BeckmanM.y compq,niionnt sh eD·e partmoefnP to litSicciaeln ce,
StockhUonlimv eresxitteyn fduecldol o peraMtyif orni.eR nidtT,au lble rg,
hasb eegne neraonudsp atiiennr te aditnhmgea nuscarnidps tu ggesting
editocrhiaanlg Iet sh.a ntkh eaml flr otmh beo ttoofmm yh eart.
Mym othhearas l wabyesl ieivnwe hda teIvh earvd eo neS.uc fha iotnhe
cans ummoonn lfryo ma m otheHro.w evesri,n cMea rc1h9 8w4h enI
marrimeydw ,i fhea sb eeann othseoru rocfet remendsouupsp oarntd
warmtWhi.t thh hee lopft hetsweo l adileosn,er leys eahracsbh e elne ss
excruciIaa tmit nrgui.ln yd ebttote hde m.
Whilset udyfionmrgy M .Ad.e griene1 968-i7nt0 h Dee partmoefn t
PolitSicciaelna ctte h,Ue n iverosfti htey PuinnLj aahbo rIhe a,dt hgeo od
fortutnob eet augbhytP rof. Kha'l ida·n MdDa rZh amhoioSddh ariI ff.
learnatl oftr otmh em.
TheS wediIsnhs tigtauvmete e a travseclh olartsoth hieUp n ited
StatTehs.e NoCrodoipce rCaotmimotitnfe oeIr n rtneatiPoonlailt ics,
IncluCdoinnflgai ncPdte aRceesa ercahw ardmeeda t ragvrealtn otg ot o
Pakisatnadln a tae src holarIsa hlispo. a gg orta nfrto mt heS wedish
AgenfcoyRr e scehaC rooperation wiCtohur inDet.es veloping
Durinmgy vistiotP akisitnat nh ew int�erf19 81-2I, h adt he
opportuonfim teye timnagn yv eteroafnt sh eP akisMtoavn ement,
scholpaorlsi,t ijcoiuarnnsa,l ainsdpt osl,i tciocmamle :pfatowrhso h ad
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
viii
someo pinitoone xpreosnst hep robleomfa nI slamic Msyt oawtne .
analytfiaccauille wtse re cersthaairnpleybn yet dh osceo nversaMtyi ons.
spectihaaln gkost oM aulana ZafarA"n sAahrami e,vd e teorlagdnu arodf
thMeu sliLme agulee adersMhuimpt,a z Daulaft oarnmace,hr i meifn ister
oft heP unjaMba,j. G enerSahle Arl iKh anM,a zhaArl i KhAabnd,u llah
MalikS,a fdaMri r,S yedaainnd m y cousiCnh,a udhaMruih ammad
Maqsood.
Howevehro,n ersets earrecqhu itrheastt h et rutshh oulbdep utf orth
\1vith ltehaeds etg roefep revariiocnTa.ht erefwohraet,e vhearse mergiend.
thiisn quiirsys oledleyr ivatoifvt eh em ateriaanla lystehdr ough
systemaptriocc edFuorret .h flea wsi nt hibso oIka lonaem r esponsible.
FinalIs lhyo ullidk teoe xpremsysp roufnodegsrta tittuomd yef irends,
·
HarooSnh aha ndK halKiadr iimn L ahorMea,n sooArh med Kianr achi
andM uhammad ManisnoC oorp enha-gaelnflr nidesf rome arly child­
hood atnhdeb esLta hoyreea rNsa.s iJra braKnh,a wajaHaraonodAn f tab
Mohiuddin, Imw ehtol ma taerrge,r efaetl lowst hfebreo smt traodfi tions
LahorTeh.a nkasr ed uea lstoom y deafrr iends ASlaphaiiynnI stanbul,
AbidK amrainn W ashingDt.oCna .n dM oosBah ayaitnL ondoMna.n y
othefrri endasn dc omradaersen otm entioned Ihh oepreet. h ewyi ll
forgimvee.
Io fc ourtsaek teh iosp porittutyno w elcomoeu rf ircshti lodu,rs on
Sabir whorme cweei tvoedda iyn,to ou rs malfla mily.
SollentCuonmam uneG,r eatSetro ckholm,
IshtAihamqe d
Glossary
Ahmadiyyta hsee cwth icbhe lietvheaMsti rzGah ulaAmh ma(d1 835-w1a9s0a 8)
prophTehte.A hmadcilsa itmob eM usli.bm usta rer egarded bhye retics
orthoSduonxn ainsdS hi.a.s
AllaGho d.'
ali(m sniguloafur l amal)e arnmeadn a,s cholar.
Ashariftoeol wlerosfo rthodoxyA bdbuarspiiendrg i (o7d5 0-1258).
caliph/khtaelmifap osruaclc eosfst ohrPe r ophMeUtH AMMADA.l suos efdo r
Mana sD epuotfGy o d.
caliphate/kthhiilean fastt itoufpt oiloint aincdsa pli riatuutahlo froiutnyd ed by
thceo mpaniooftn hsPe r ophTehtefi. r sfto usru ccoersassr ree cognainzde d
venerabtyte hdme a instrSeUaNmN MIu sliTmhse.C ALIPHAuTnEd etrh e
piosuusc cesissro errfsre etdoa st hpei ocuasl iphate/coarltihpohdaottxle y/­righ
guidceadl iphate/RKahsuhliudfai n/Msetdaitnee/srpeei pouubsl ic/orthodox
repubeltiTcch.,e p iocuasl iaprhes:
· AbuB ak(r6 32-34)
Umar/Omar/(O6m3e4r- 44)
Uthman/Usman(/6O4s4ma-n5 6)
Alt-(656-61)
Accordtiont gh eS hi,at shfei rtshtr weeer ues urpearnsdA lwia st heo nly
legitiCmAaLtIeP HA.f tetrh ed eatohf A li, hereditaryw asC ALIPHATE
establisthheiidsn, satnidtp uetrisoifnso tsree dv ecreanlt uirni eedsri efffnotr ms
unttihlte u rkasb oliisithn e1 d9 24.
dar-ul-ehanrebmt ye rriltaonrodyus;t stihdjeeru isdiocft iIoSnL AM.
dar-ul-Itshleam roefa lImS LAM.
dhimmi/zinmmoin -Muslipmr owtietschtt aetidun as nI slasmtiact e.
din/deetnh e Iswlaaymo ifcl ife/outloofob ke/hcaovdiewo iutrdh e tailed
instructiTohnesri,es entocs .io nngieln,et erprettahtigiseo nne irodifec a .
fatwar ulionftg h uel amoa na p oionflt a w doorc trine.
fiqho rthoedloaxb oroaftt hiSeoh na riia.,te h.de i vilnaeow f I slaFm.o usrc hools
ofm; thodtohxe olloagwayn ,dr itaersee s tablaimsohnetgdh Seu nnMi uslims.
The��a rken owanf ttehre foiurn deArbsu,H ani(fda. M7a6l7i()kd,7 . 9 5S)h,a fi
(d8.19a)n dA hmad Hbainnb a(ld8 .55I)n.· PakiasntdIa nnd itah eo ver­
.
whelmimnaogjr iotfty h Seu nnairsHe a nafiis.f,eo .l loowfAe brusH aniTfah.e
Shihaasv aes epraatsec hooofFlI QaHs scoiawtietd h 6ttIhhme a mJ, aafrSadiq.
fuquha( singfauqliahe)rx peirntd si vilnaew .
hadith/hTahdieTs r aditoifMou nhasm madc omprihsiissna gy'i npgrsa,c taincde s
rulgisn.
hegira/hmiigrgar atoifMo unh ammadfr omM ecctaoM edinian6 22A. ot.h;e
Is'lEarmbaie cg ifnrso tmh iesv ent.
hudud/hadd/hupduonoid shmpernetssc rfiocbree rdt aini cnt rhQieum reasan nd
Sunna.
GLOSSARY
x
ijmca onsenosfou psi nioanp .ooinon flt a wd,o ctroirbn eel aim��nfg t hSeu nnis,
buitn t raditIiSoLnAiaMrtl e fers ctoon stehnoesft u hsle e-arsncehdo lwahros ,
araes sumteord e preIsSeLnAtaM n da ll.Muslims.
ijtihtahde u seo fi ndepenjdduegnetm einnti nterprtehteQi UnRgA Na nd
SUNNAi;n depenldaewn-tmn agkI.inm odertni metshi,ed eoaffr esIhJ TIHAD
habse eenm phasbiyzM eUdS LIrMe formers.
Imamu seidnm anys enstehsde;e signoaftt ihopenr ieisnat m osquienS; u nni
tradiitnitoenr chawnigtechaa blilptyhh ;fe o uSrun njiu irsconwshuol tfso unded
schoooflo sr thodoaxn dtl haewo laorgey rreetfdoea srt h_eI maitnnsS h;i ba elief
thIem ami sa divinaeplpyo-inlteeadd etrh ceoo fm munbiet1yo ngtiotn hge
direlcitno efA li.
imanb elief.
Islatmh er eligfioounn dbeydt heP rophMeuhta mmadM. eans listuebr­ally
missionW itlool fG t ohde.
istihjsaunr ipsrteifce rmeontciev aotnge rdo unodfes x pedieannec syt,a blished
princiinHp alnea fifqih .
Jamaat·i·ItshleaIm sil apmairct fyo undbeydA buAll aM audu(d1i9 03-79).
JamaailnU rdiusr oµghtlhsyea maes paa rotryo rganization.
jihasdt ruging tlhewe a yo fA LLAHI.tc aans sutmhefe o romfh olwya r.
jizya/jipzryoathe cttalixeo vni beyad n Islsatmaoitncen on-uMslims.
kafiur nbeliienvfeird;e l;
kharatja ixm posoentd h aeg ricullatnuodrfsan lo n-Mmuss.li
·
Khwaritjh see citnI slawmh icbhe lietvheast tohnbele ysM tu slismhso uld lead
thceo mmuniIt toyp.p osaelcdla liapfhtsAe bruB akarn d Umar,t heswyie nrcee
deemetdoh avdee viafrtoempd u,r Ies laTm.h e Khwarijiass mraeslmelac itn ed
ofp uritaenxitcraelm ists. .
khumst hfei lfLSthatraek beynt hSet aftreo tmh beo octayp turheodlw yai rnF. o ur­
fifwtahssk epbtyt hien diviwdaurarli ors.
madhab/mazhraebl igrieofnet;ro Is s lamwiocr shfiopr mrsi,t aensd r ituals
elaborianfit qehd.M uslims choltaernstd o d efionteh rere ligsiuocnahss ,
ChristaisaM nadihtaybw ,h iIlsel aimsp reocjtaesd d ian .
MedineSstea tteh set aotfMe e dina utnhPdere orp haentd ptihoecu asl i.phs
.
mominb elvieero;n weh ob eliesviensc erely.
Muhammad/Mohammtadh Per ophe.t of ISMLeAcMc5 a7 (0db,io erMdne dina
632).
mujtahipdear sqouna litfoui nedde rtiajtkieh ad.
mullah/mutlrlaad itdieosniagln oartt iiotonlft e h vea ricoautse goorfMi ueslsi m
prieisntcsl,u ding tuhlea maal netda hdoeir ndgi nparrayyl eera derm oisnq uae .
muqalloinde wahdoh etroet saq liid.,ee s.t ablrieslhiegdai uotuhso rity.
murta(da ptoastoen)we h or enounIcsleasm . ' �
Muslim/Mosolenme wbheol ieivnIe ssla m.
mutazila/motaas zcihloaoo fl liMbuesrlaildm usr itnhgAe b basid (p7e5r0i-od
1258).
Pirr eligmiyosutsa gosgpuier;ig tuuiadle .
qadi/qaziM/uksalziijm u dge.
qiyalsa wd erivtehdr ouagnha lofgryoa ms imibluantro itd entpioicnaitlnt he
Qurana nd Sunna. · ·
quraish/koMruehsahm mad'tsr ibIene. a rlSuyn nip olittihceaolqr u�r aish
descweanstc onsidneerceedrs yfs oatrh cea liph. ·
Quran/Kortahnbe o ofko romft hWeo rodf G oda sr eveatloMe udh ammad.
ramadan/ramazan/trahmmezo annt ohff asting.
I
GLOSSARY
xi
Sabian/Saabr eealni gigoruosuo pfo bscuorrei gwihni cthh eQ urarne cognizes
alonwgi tMhu slimCsh,r istainadnJ se wass b elievientr hset ruGeo d.
Sharia/Shariaht/hSerh eavreiaalltae wdm; e anlsi tertahlesl tyr aipgahtth .
Shia/Shiaht/hSeshe icoitf lslwahmi crhe garMdush ammad'cso usainnd s on-in·
lawA,l ia,sh isri ghtsfuuclc esTshoerS .h iaasr dei vidiendt soe versaulb -sects.
Them ajorairteky n owna st heI thnAas haroirt, h eT welvewrhso,b elietvhea t
the1 2tIhm amh asg onien thoi dianngd w oulodn ed ayr etutronl eahdi fso llow­
ersT.h eS hiacso mpribseet we5ean n d1 0p erc enotf t het otMauls lipmo pula­
tioonft hew orld.
sufiM uslimmy stitch;em ystiocradle frosu nidnm'. anyp arotfst hMeu sliwmo rld
tentdo b el esdse mandianbgo uotu twaarddh erentcooe r thodporxa ctaincde
emphasiiznen epru rity.
Sult'a(na lAsmoi rd)e signaotrit ointc lfae M uslirmu ler.
Sunna/Sunnah/Stuhnecn oartr epcatt ahs s howni nt hee xamplseasy,i nagnsd
deedosfM uhammad.
Sunntih em ajorsietcyct l aimitnofg o lltohwea uthenttriacd itoifto hnePs rophet.
Varios_uubs- seacntdds e nominateixoiantms o ngt heS unnis.
taqlfiodl lowwiintgh oaultt eratthiero unl inogfps a srte ligiaouutsh ority.
ulama/ulema/uMluusmlai md octrinal-msicnhdoeldah rasv insgo mep ublic
recognition.
ummat heM uslicmo mmunity.
ushrre ventuaeix m posoendM usliamg riculltaunrda.l
wahabfio llowoefrM su hammadb inA bdulW ahabt,h e1 8tche ntuArrya bian
reformeTrh.eW ahabitse ntdo b ep uritwahnoss eetko i mitaatnedr estotrhee
purIes laomft hee arpleyr iorde,j ecttihnmege dievtarla diitnil oanr gmee asure.
zakatta oxn p roperdtiyr ecmtelnyt ionientd h eQ uran.