Table Of Content

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Place Peel Off Sticker Here REGISTER TODAY! You can now purchase Elsevier products on Evolve! Go to evolve.elsevier.com/html/shop-promo.html to search and browse for products. * Evolve Student Resources are provided free with each NEW book purchase only. 2015v1.0 The Comprehensive Textbook of Clinical Biomechanics For Elsevier Commissioning Editor: Rite Demetriou-Swanwick/Poppy Garraway Development Editor: Joanna Collett/Veronika Watkins Project Manager: Andrew Riley Designer: Paula Catalano Illustrator Manager: Amy Faith Heyden The Comprehensive Textbook of Clinical Biomechanics Second Edition JIM RICHARDS BEng, MSc, PhD Professor of Biomechanics Lead for the Allied Health Research Unit University of Central Lancashire Preston, UK © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests Printed in China CONTENTS Section 1 8 METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF MOVEMENT .........................................156 MECHANICS AND BIOMECHANICS THEORY .........................1 JIM RICHARDS ■ DOMINIC THEWLIS ■ JONNIE SINCLAIR ■ SARAH JANE HOBBS 1 MATHS AND MECHANICS .......................2 9 ANATOMICAL MODELS AND JIM RICHARDS MARKER SETS ......................................180 2 FORCES, MOMENTS AND JIM RICHARDS ■ DOMINIC THEWLIS ■ RICARDO MATIAS ■ ROBERT NEEDHAM ■ MUSCLES ...............................................24 NACHIAPPAN CHOCKALINGAM JIM RICHARDS 10 ELECTROMYOGRAPHY .........................208 3 GROUND REACTION FORCES AND PAOLA CONTESSA ■ CARLO J. DE LUCA ■ PLANTAR PRESSURE ..............................45 SERGE H. ROY ■ JIM RICHARDS JIM RICHARDS ■ AOIFE HEALY ■ Section 3 NACHIAPPAN CHOCKALINGAM CLINICAL ASSESSMENT .........................240 4 MOTION AND JOINT MOTION ..............79 JIM RICHARDS ■ DOMINIC THEWLIS ■ 11 THE BIOMECHANICS OF CLINICAL ROBERT NEEDHAM ■ NACHIAPPAN CHOCKALINGAM ASSESSMENT .......................................241 5 WORK AND POWER DURING JAMES SELFE ■ JIM RICHARDS ■ DAVE LEVINE ■ DOMINIC THEWLIS HUMAN MOVEMENT ..........................104 JIM RICHARDS 12 BIOMECHANICS OF ORTHOTIC MANAGEMENT ....................................282 6 INVERSE DYNAMICS THEORY ..............124 JIM RICHARDS ■ AOIFE HEALY ■ JIM RICHARDS NACHIAPPAN CHOCKALINGAM Section 2 13 BIOMECHANICS OF THE METHODS OF MEASUREMENT MANAGEMENT OF LOWER AND MODELLING ..................................137 LIMB AMPUTEES ..................................323 NATALIE VANICEK 7 MEASUREMENT OF FORCE AND PRESSURE ............................................138 REFERENCES ........................................340 JIM RICHARDS ■ AOIFE HEALY ■ DOMINIC THEWLIS ■ NACHIAPPAN CHOCKALINGAM INDEX ..................................................355 v EDITOR JIM RICHARDS BEng, MSc, PhD Jim Richards was appointed Professor in Biomechanics International Professorial Chair positions and is an and research lead for Allied Health Professions at associate editor for “The Knee” and on the edito- University of Central Lancashire in 2004. Professor rial board for “Gait and Posture”. Professor Richards Richards’ work includes the clinical application of bio- has authored over 130 peer reviewed journal papers, mechanics, the development of new assessment tools over 170 conference papers and written and edited a for chronic disease, conservative and surgical man- number of textbooks including Biomechanics in Clinic agement of orthopaedic and neurological conditions, and Research (2008) and the 5th edition of Whittle’s and development of evidence based approaches for Gait Analysis (2012). He has also contributed to Tidy’s improving clinical management and rehabilitation. Physiotherapy (2003, 2008, 2012), the 10th edition of The focus of Professor Richards work is to encour- Mercer’s Textbook of Orthopaedics and Trauma (2012), age inter-professional research and to develop direct Experimental Research Methods: A Guidebook for parallels with research to the ‘real world’ of allied Studies in Trauma Care (2015) and Patellofemoral Pain: health work. Professor Richards holds a number of A Clinical Guide (2017). vi CONTRIBUTORS NACHIAPPAN CHOCKALINGAM BENG, MSC, RICARDO MATIAS PT, PHD PHD, CENG, CSCI, PFHEA Researcher at the Neurobiology of Action Group, Professor of Clinical Biomechanics in the School of Champalimaud Foundation and Neuromechanics Life Sciences and Education at Staffordshire of Human Movement Research Group, University University, UK of Lisbon, Portugal PAOLA CONTESSA BSC(ENG), ROBERT NEEDHAM BSC, MSC, FHEA MSC(ENG), PHD Lecturer in Biomechanics in the School of Life Research Scientist at Boston University, Research Sciences and Education at Staffordshire Scientist at Delsys Inc., USA University, UK CARLO J DE LUCA, PHD SERGE ROY SCD, PT was Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Founder Director of Research, Delsys Inc, Natick, MA; and and Director of the NeuroMuscular Research Adjunct Research Professor at Sargent College of Center, Research Professor of Neurology, Professor Health and Rehabilitation Sciences at Boston of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Professor University, USA of Physical Therapy and Founding President of Delsys Inc. In 2015 he was appointed Professor JIM RICHARDS BENG, MSC, PHD Emeritus of Boston University College of Professor in Biomechanics and research lead for Engineering, USA Allied Health Professions at University of Central Lancashire, UK AOIFE HEALY BSC, MSC, PHD Senior Research Officer in the School of Life Sciences JAMES SELFE DSC, PHD, MA, GDPHYS, FCSP and Education at Staffordshire University, UK Professor of Physiotherapy in the Department of Health Professions at Manchester Metropolitan SARAH JANE HOBBS BENG(HONS), PHD University, UK Reader in Equine and Human Biomechanics and research lead for Centre for Applied Sport and JONATHAN SINCLAIR BSC (HONS), PHD Exercise Sciences at University of Central Senior Lecturer and Course Leader for MSc Sport & Lancashire, UK Exercise Sciences, Sport, Exercise & Nutritional Sciences at University of Central Lancashire, UK DAVID LEVINE, PT, PHD, DPT, OCS Professor and Walter M. Cline Chair of Excellence in Physical Therapy at The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, USA vii viii Contributors DOMINIC THEWLIS BSC (HONS), PHD NATALIE VANICEK BSC (HONS), MSC, Associate Professor of Biomechanics and NHMRC PGCHE, PHD R.D. Wright Career Development Fellow at Centre Reader in Biomechanics focusing on preventing falls for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, University and improving musculoskeletal function at the of Adelaide, Australia University of Hull, UK