The competitiveness of global port-cities

272 Pages·2014·7.959 MB·English

by  OECD

The Competitiveness of Global Port-Cities
Ports and cities are historically strongly linked, but the link between port and city growth has become weaker.
Economic benefits often spill over to other regions, whereas negative impacts are localised in the port-city.
How can ports regain their role as drivers of urban economic growth and how can negative port impacts be
mitigated? These are the questions that this book aims to answer.
The Competitiveness
Contents
Chapter 1. Ports and their cities: An introduction
of Global Port-Cities
Chapter 2. The impact of ports on their cities
Chapter 3. Making ports competitive
Chapter 4. Increasing the local benefits from ports
Chapter 5. Mitigating the negative impact from ports
Chapter 6. An effective policy mix for port-cities
Annex A. Port growth patterns
Annex B. Port-city profiles
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The Competitiveness
of Global Port-Cities
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3
FOREWORD –

Foreword
Globalisation characterizes our current times, shapes economic trajectories and
determines quality of life. Port-cities are at the frontline of globalisation; approximately
90% of external trade volumes is transported by ship and is loaded and unloaded in one of
the world ports. A large majority of ports is located in cities, which makes the fate of
cities interlinked with the fates of their ports. Some cities have been able to foster their
port and use it as an urban economic asset, whereas other cities are declining despite a
flourishing port. History is full of examples of cities that prospered thanks to their port; is
history able to repeat itself in this respect? Can ports once again be drivers of urban
growth? The presence of a port brings special challenges related to the environment,
urban traffic and land use. The stakes for cities can be high, as these challenges directly
relate to the well-being of their citizens.
Despite their relevance, research communities have focused relatively little attention
on the inter-linkages between ports and urban development. Cities have found different
ways to deal with policy challenges with varying rates of success, but fairly little is
known about policy design, policy impacts and the conditions for success. What are the
lessons for policy makers and which policies could be effectively used elsewhere?
The current book on port-cities fills this gap, providing the first comprehensive and
internationally comparative benchmark study of port-cities. It aims to provide a
systematic overview of impacts of ports on their cities, policies to make ports more
competitive, to increase local benefits from ports and to mitigate the negative impacts
from ports. It builds on a series of place-specific case studies of selected port-cities that
provided detailed analysis of port performance, port impacts, policies and governance.
These case studies were released as separate working papers, in addition to a series of
thematic papers.
The report, as well as the Port-City case studies and related papers on the topic, can
be downloaded from the OECD website: www.oecd.org/regional/portcities. Further
enquiries about this work in this area should be addressed to: Olaf Merk
([email protected]).

THE COMPETITIVENESS OF GLOBAL PORT-CITIES © OECD 2014
4
– ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Acknowledgements
This report provides a synthesis of main findings from the OECD Port-Cities
Programme, created in 2010 in order to assess the impact of ports on their cities and
provide policy recommendations to increase the positive impacts of ports on their cities.
This Programme was directed by Olaf Merk, Administrator Port-Cities within the OECD
Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate (GOV) and its Regional
Development Policy division, led by Joaquim Oliveira Martins.
This publication was directed and written by Olaf Merk; it draws on the work of a
number of other contributors: César Ducruet, Jasper Cooper, Jing Li, Ihnji Jon, Maren
Larsen and Lucie Billaud. The publication has benefited from comments from Bill
Tompson, Nils-Axel Braathen, Jane Korinek, Cathy Berx, Dominique Lebreton, Nicolas
Mat, Juliette Cerceau, Michel Ruffin, Kate Lancaster and Rene Kolman. The publication
was edited by Vicky Elliott.
The synthesis report is based on findings from a series of OECD Port-Cities case
studies. These case studies were conducted for Le Havre/Rouen/Paris/Caen (France),
Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki (Finland), Marseille (France), Mersin (Turkey),
Rotterdam/Amsterdam (the Netherlands), Antofagasta (Chile),
Bratislava/Komárno/Štúrova (Slovak Republic), Durban (South Africa), Hong Kong
(China) and Shanghai (China). Within the framework of these studies, study visits to
these port-cities were conducted that included a series of interviews with the port-city
actors and stakeholders.
The OECD Port-Cities Programme also benefited from visits to the following ports
and port-cities and discussion with port-related actors in the following port-cities: Hong
Kong, Shenzhen, Singapore, Casablanca, Venice, Trieste, Genoa, Valparaíso, Varna,
Gdansk, Koper, Vienna, Antwerp, Felixstowe, Los Angeles, Long Beach, Sydney and
Newcastle (Australia).
Contributions and inputs into the OECD Port-Cities case studies and related working
papers were provided by César Ducruet, Elvira Haezendonck, Michael Dooms, Patrick
Dubarle, Markus Hesse, Géraldine Planque, Theo Notteboom, José Tongzon, Jörg Jocker,
Oguz Bagis, Angela Bergantino, Claude Comtois, Nicolas Winicki, Thai Thanh Dang,
Claudio Ferrari, Alessio Tei, Anna Bottasso, Maurizio Conti, Salvador Saz, Leandro
Garcia-Menéndez, Zhen Hong, Zhao Nan, Angela Xu Mingying, Xie Wenqing, Du
Xufeng, Wang Jinggai, Jing Li, Matthieu Bordes, Rachel Silberstein, Xiao Wang, Jean-
Paul Rodrigue, Jasper Cooper, Marten van den Bossche, Carla Jong, Christelle
Larsonneur, Walter Manshanden, Martijn Dröes, Evgueny Poliakov, Olli-Pekka Hilmola,
Charlotte Lafitte, Caroline Guillet, Léonie Claeyman and Suzanne Chatelier. The
Programme has been enriched by the interaction with these experts.
Within the framework of the Programme, three different workshops in Paris were
organised and benefited from presentations by: César Ducruet, Markus Hesse, Elvira
Haezendonck, Claudio Ferrari, Jan Egbertsen, Ingo Fehrs, Stijn Effting, Michael
THE COMPETITIVENESS OF GLOBAL PORT-CITIES © OECD 2014
5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS –

Vanderbeek, Alessio Tei, Philippe Deiss, Birgit Liodden, Johan Woxenius, Hyong
Mo Jeon, Dimitrios Theologitis, Carla Jong, Lorene Grandidier, Dominique Lebreton,
Claude Comtois, Marten van den Bossche, Matt Bogdan, Alice Liu and Jan Green
Rebstock.
Within the framework of the Programme, the Administrator has provided
presentations and interventions in conferences organised by: the European Committee of
the Regions (COTER), the European Seaports Organisation (ESPO), the Moroccan
Association of Logistics (AMLOG), the International Association of Ports and Harbors
(IAPH), the Port of Long Beach Board of Harbor Commissioners, the City of Shenzhen,
the Korean Transport Institute (KOTI), the Korea Maritime Institute (KMI), the Network
of French Urban Planning Public Agencies (FNAU), the Italian Association of Transport
Economics (SIET), the World Conference of Transport Research Society (WCTRS-
SIG2), Maersk, the Port Finance International, the BSR Clean Cargo Working Group,
Infrastructure Australia, the World-Wide Network of Port Cities (AIVP), the Inter-
American Committee on Ports, the International Transport Forum (ITF), the Florence
School of Regulation, Cargo Edições Lda, Logistics Portugal, the International Forum on
Shipping, Ports and Airports (IFSPA), the Port of Amsterdam, the Port of Rotterdam, the
Port of Hamburg, Université du Sud Toulon-Var and Colloque Axe Seine Acte II.
The Programme has benefited from the support of: the Netherlands’ Ministry of
Economic Affairs, the City of Rotterdam, the City of Amsterdam, the Port of Amsterdam,
the Çukurova Development Agency, the City of Helsinki, the Port of Marseille, the
Slovakian Ministry of Transport, Construction and Regional Development, the Slovakian
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the City of Hamburg, Transnet South Africa, Provence-
Alpes-Côte d’Azur Region, the Department of Bouches du Rhône, the Syndicat mixte du
Schéma de Cohérence Territoriale Ouest Étang de Berre, the Communauté
d’agglomération Marseille Provence Métropole, the City of Marseille, the Marseille-
Provence Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Agence d’Urbanisme de Marseille, the
Union Maritime et Fluviale, the Public Planning Agency of the Region of Le Havre and
the Seine Estuary (AURH), the Urban Planning Studies Agency of Caen Métropole
(AUCAME), l’Atelier Parisien d’Urbanisme (APUR), the Institute of Urban Planning of
the Île de France Region (IAU IDF), the Urban Planning and Development Agency of
Seine Aval (AUDAS), the City of Le Havre, la Communauté d’Agglomération Havraise
(CODAH), la Communauté de l’Agglomération Rouen Elbeuf Austreberthe (CREA), the
Grand Port Maritime of Le Havre (GPMH), the Grand Port Maritime of Rouen (GPMR)
and the Ports de Paris.

THE COMPETITIVENESS OF GLOBAL PORT-CITIES © OECD 2014

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TABLE OF CONTENTS –

Table of contents
Acronyms and abbreviations ................................................................................................................. 11
Executive summary ................................................................................................................................. 17
Recommendations ................................................................................................................................. 19
Chapter 1 Ports and their cities: An introduction ............................................................................... 21
Ports and cities: A strong historical link ............................................................................................... 22
Links between port and city growth have become weaker over the last decades.................................. 24
Each port-city faces its own particular challenges ................................................................................ 28
Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................... 30
Chapter 2 The impact of ports on their cities....................................................................................... 31
Benefits from ports ................................................................................................................................ 32
Negative impacts of ports ...................................................................................................................... 45
Weighing ports’ benefits against their negative impacts ....................................................................... 55
Notes ..................................................................................................................................................... 59
Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................... 60
Chapter 3 Making ports competitive .................................................................................................... 69
Maritime connectivity ........................................................................................................................... 71
Measuring effective port operations ...................................................................................................... 74
Cultivating strong hinterland connections ............................................................................................. 90
Guaranteeing the support of the local population.................................................................................. 94
Notes ................................................................................................................................................... 102
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................ 103
Chapter 4 Increasing the local benefits from ports ........................................................................... 111
Maritime clusters ................................................................................................................................. 112
Port-industrial development ................................................................................................................ 126
Port-related waterfront development ................................................................................................... 134
Side-option: Urban diversification ...................................................................................................... 141
No regret option: Co-operation with neighbouring port-cities ............................................................ 142
Notes ................................................................................................................................................... 144
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................ 147
Chapter 5 Mitigating the negative impact from ports ....................................................................... 153
Limiting environmental impacts ......................................................................................................... 154
Land use .............................................................................................................................................. 172
Reducing road congestion in the port-city .......................................................................................... 177
Climate change adaptation in ports ..................................................................................................... 181
Mitigating security risks ...................................................................................................................... 183
Notes ................................................................................................................................................... 186
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................ 187
THE COMPETITIVENESS OF GLOBAL PORT-CITIES © OECD 2014
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– TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 6 An effective policy mix for port-cities ............................................................................... 191
What makes a port competitive? ......................................................................................................... 192
Synergies between ports and cities ...................................................................................................... 193
Increasing local economic benefits from ports .................................................................................... 193
Mitigating negative impacts ................................................................................................................ 195
Assessment of policy effectiveness ..................................................................................................... 197
Towards policy coherence ................................................................................................................... 199
Notes ................................................................................................................................................... 200
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................ 201
Annex A Port growth patterns 1970-2009 ......................................................................................... 202
Annex B Port-city profiles ................................................................................................................... 205
Australia – Melbourne ......................................................................................................................... 206
Belgium – Antwerp ............................................................................................................................. 208
Brazil – Santos .................................................................................................................................... 210
Canada – Vancouver ........................................................................................................................... 212
Chile – Valparaíso ............................................................................................................................... 214
China – Hong Kong ............................................................................................................................. 216
China – Ningbo ................................................................................................................................... 218
China – Shanghai ................................................................................................................................ 220
Denmark – Copenhagen ...................................................................................................................... 222
Finland – Helsinki ............................................................................................................................... 224
France – Le Havre ............................................................................................................................... 226
France – Marseille ............................................................................................................................... 228
Germany – Bremen/Bremerhaven ....................................................................................................... 230
Germany – Hamburg ........................................................................................................................... 232
Greece – Piraeus/Athens ..................................................................................................................... 234
India – Mumbai ................................................................................................................................... 236
Indonesia – Jakarta .............................................................................................................................. 238
Italy - Genoa ........................................................................................................................................ 240
Italy – Venice ...................................................................................................................................... 242
Japan – Kitakyushu ............................................................................................................................. 244
Korea – Busan ..................................................................................................................................... 246
Netherlands – Amsterdam ................................................................................................................... 248
Netherlands – Rotterdam ..................................................................................................................... 250
New Zealand – Auckland .................................................................................................................... 252
Russia – St. Petersburg ........................................................................................................................ 254
Singapore ............................................................................................................................................. 256
Slovak Republic – Bratislava .............................................................................................................. 258
South Africa – Durban ........................................................................................................................ 260
Turkey – Mersin .................................................................................................................................. 262
United Kingdom – London ................................................................................................................. 264
United States – Los Angeles/Long Beach ........................................................................................... 266

THE COMPETITIVENESS OF GLOBAL PORT-CITIES © OECD 2014