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NNNotfhofaaOer Stt aiTiccoopoIinnepCmaanrEllmoc :RApe isTrtecti,seh aateetdehea eer prbm ecNrsaohyplaj a CoetPnicnoorctsenu eitsanb.hslcla e2Aitl 1f,ic so0wa r1td hh teCheom esose yunr e bmsoptjfieeot Ecmurtttn biowogefnier nst rAhe eaei vsrcre eihrn neodgupsr,aeeo aw,nr ntN nfdwoW ftrarh so teWh ma eIpan itrpssh hrtseiopit nvucegeotcetdiuo a onnblf c,yc iM Doltsmh Ceoedp f 2iG ect0thioe4nevn1e ecN.8 reTansthi ianeong nmd aB lewo mAiatrbchdae rdroesefg m oatfhryde pnv This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures al pamattiative aenpcperos,v tehde bNya ati oRneaplo Artc Radeevmieyw oCf oEmnmgiinteteeer icnogn, sainstdi nthge o Ifn msteitmutbee orsf oMf ethdeic Ninaet.ional Academy of Sci- e origincific forauthorit tion ga sksTnoohcweia lNteeda ttghieoe n abanrldo R aoedfs caeodamrvcimhsi nCugno iutthyne co iffle wsdceairesa nle csgetoa avbnelidrsn htmeecdeh nbntyo. lTtohhgeey N Cwaoitutihon nctahille oA Apcecaradadeteemms yiyn o's fa pcSuccroipreodnsacenescs e oi nfw f1iut9hr1th6er- osed from XML files created from thding styles, and other typesetting-speprint version of this publication as the g1tSmAMAeLIPinn8ecroiccetbiecni6neaannedere3r.ddtnta inreT,,TFeecrca adwytmmihoelhhtn iisiuehpoeyieosn e nio af Cn cppws odtnlCah huirofaadeclo ebout neSr ijSi tlenensedoUchits tgccc niaeea nte,itrdns hb l einaNawt edtelshancenit aasabseaeddId rthsnrslsC i d i mtS oe.tssshb hatsnButhieietea ntapeato ct uhNledlspeoo toecdsA oemakig i n rAteo bco tieN Cnefoay1fc tdt dun aaA9iMht efmdarh6uemidmleec4en b pmA d eN dyAeaarrie crynniuciocn rca didm0 afancadM -dsei1Eeeb3p en.9amaen0 amg sT7rg9plyt i 0yhi8e-rno n0,iore 4ep vue r3 f-AeeNaene 63rSrtsrdgi39aaeipcnerntt0,8eieg iirgen1-onc e 5nt o7cngtmihiconna veaeem lpe tg snarhAl.meoutye ncftN, u hicacutnooody,n i.rne st doi7imedteefy9lu rsfyb - c-.ot0 ogtohIf 2tot ofeh i7 vi ftE cs0s et thh n2rahcaneg deobr iimiNntnenregt geiarswnre temoeiirerossifveent sntenimighacor tleeebnah sdAenaNe rtld jcos aNo caht tihitdahniohpateetinerl m ocy Itagenno lybroasr pytlvooi o Seftfburrconatiet---h of been recompd breaks, heaease use the s orPl ginal work hane lengths, wally inserted. the original; liccident n of e orien a ohe w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b egp naa file: This ng files. 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Oniltde dA Sssteoecliwatoersk, eIrnsc .of America s been recomposed from XML files created from thord breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-spePlease use the print version of this publication as the FWDRHBRFHTHR.HEIOOAEO ICKALLERBNNWHEFSGEULAONSEASocAANnIneC DCR hArLgniGRRNdHovITOGieDMShnODDoeErE R.aeC arl TJL Ls*melWE.Ri EMHr*DT MtB C iMyA.AUn.. , U LI UogPNcV.KnPtH IE IMTMoiGCDrEFRvLOroLKErIeRAsYOLfCoEG reRCWSLsEESuRHsAiO,poLWsRRt E,AyDo,Nr N, S,Ep DrEE ESi,,,o,xr Kn EPeLeVrIeGvDna.cr,,,cP i o ititrCucirioo.aGfroo eteorredSin-n ,eSsvcnuF PhmnsPteesaearooen uutelerDrrreliltpsn ,aootn ii atldwrMraAoa nIe meflnD,tsc a n ,dRsTt, nito BoTEur,Heha recsecFesge,cait coetia erItyhnBhaninotmealeranosrreslcsne,oitm h †hcincaotePaE uientk&mcl u,tcd i sCenr oI, ,T cnB genPohelAnsofaeMaac trmnndISsrhtninedlivcndiens,sc iro dtStgsya tiClol, ttploe eRuvrIlP g,eaItane rirylrnTcooso e,Ci.end enmaIEanou n*r&onnmcccnvte.h pStsi rMastoGeenInneaeyrmlts a,et diSreItuinnutaaacttlttae.seel,, ginal work hane lengths, wally inserted. the original; liccident n of e orien a ohe w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b egp naa file: This ng files. Pme typogr ut this PDF nal typesettined, and so Re**s e*Fr voFerom Uremnrilevyre lVyrs iicDteyi-rPercetsoird, enRte, sReeasrecahr cPhr, oBgerathmle hienm I nSdteueslt rCiaolr pEocroatnioomnics, Case Western ogiai Aboriret † Formerly President and Chief Executive Officer, Nucor Corporation iv ee er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. RFJARICCEHKLSDtAu EeSdeRRlHluDwIECm oE rMKIkHn.e.d A rSusPN CsIot,THrf i LLeAEseERm,gR IEiens,rR lciacV.,t aiPivcreeo -fDPesrireseoscirdt ooerfn tEa ncadon ndAo msTsiiecscstah, nnStiw ctaaolr tthhDmei roPercreet osCirdo, ellAnetgl,l eeUgnhietnedy pnv ROBERT G. WELCH, Consultant, Shaker Heights, Ohio* al pamattiative e origincific forauthorit Rapporteur s been recomposed from XML files created from thord breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-spePlease use the print version of this publication as the JADJJOJBPSOOOAUERRdOHEEMTMdUCNLLEIMSMNiEUCtnAI eRiY HSsaioETcPLtt s EnrciI .TCMVDsetMR ha ua tOCOe. laSAct BA lePrhLPLCKlRy A L.uoBAaLH H,UCsA fRrIUURDu eHBtNUTNSttiS.KRtcOcOeSHSSsEChic,U .,,Rp, EI Ti h H DEnnRaAIPNnVTssn,xneooY sto,,Itepti slleCnIPt,siocaouRr nc,urHgrnc tydotIeTteyaim,n uijsa teveAoVcesitecceoet.afnnhri t nrcVi TatncMPaae lehooillyr-c c aolfPEseSo hnftrC-cg,etnAeaP eoosysogDerssnim leelsdoioo rsvoAemrg,mAi i cndyOsdeioniteiavs,roffa ntcti fEnel,stei yM,,c ocI soneAorta,f d n Mom tauoePfOnsre maoTitdrtfarliei efiylcccirCsc ac iyD hCaneo Snl io nRsvIyons roeisluossofstulinP eegtol marayAatnonir n,snccsAt ,d,Wgshe s os PMSsSascoeatineireansialrdnessdgtv eslme i AaB cIecnWenaDCnhssanttu,eeelik nybpsItunetsbuettcietetsry.sr,, ginal work hane lengths, wally inserted. 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JTCOYoSnLEsIEnuPRdlHtu a sJWnt.rt iTIaLRl LPIBIrAoEgMNraSDm,I sSH,, UePa.lSadn., nDIinenptgea gArrtnmaateelydn st toE, fAn Eelrungmeyri gnySuyms tCemoms pBanrayn ocfh ,A mOfefriiccea of pnv al pamattiative BENGT-ARNE VEDIN, Research Program Director, Business and Social e origincific forauthorit Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden osed from XML files created from thding styles, and other typesetting-speprint version of this publication as the SHMEStTLUAaESfGRfIPIIEIEnnnHLHcttt o EeeeArrrnNIHnnnNHoaaaE.mI Nttt EiiiioooMRAc nnn .TIaBaaaZLn,lll. 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Committee On TecThrnaodloeg Iys sauneds (ICntTeIrEnTatIi)onal Economic and e original papcific formattinauthoritative v CNh. aBiarRnmdU aCVnEic eH-PAreNsNidAenYt,, RNeasteiaorncahl aAndc aPdaetmenyt so, fB eElnl gLianbeoerraintogr iFeso r(ereigtinre dS)ecretary osed from XML files created from thding styles, and other typesetting-speprint version of this publication as the MWJCWAHeI.C LmAKo(BaGDLRdbnfu IeE edeLNAoscNr BiErCe.Mnsg NuaSeBhiss asEaeEiJCs niYd.,rHI .e m)n U AsERssaFnBtDM niiRtEvA,Wu AEeRCtderEANNTsm SiR,oItA iTEyfnLD T OTiouTsSHIftNte, hr PYNac,eP hthr,oir anJoerHPRrotnsmhrilo .odo ,daC afegcgennAayesedtr uss,so aos tlSinDoCricnc,dc aihrai sHliaatC pPitianerpharm gsavn uDiaaeCrinrlmseld,hia naneUnCid,c, nT PaCiCIvnrEoToedTlrfI lseEeIRi sgtTesyeAosI eruGF aotorroifcbaf m hdeEI ruonFsnabt,goet ielriuTenn ne SeadxetPcaitrhoaitilionnneoogeasnlll,, been recompd breaks, heaease use the JMEIRLRaITBnIOEdMN RA C pAKopr.Aap rToHerlZA aP,t DiaonHDnee Al(nrDreyt,i reVLd.i) ceS-tPimressoidne nPtr, oTfeescshonr icoafl PLearwso nEnmele rDituesv,e lHopamrveanrtd, n of the original work has e original; line lengths, woren accidentally inserted. Pl RJRBORAAHUYLUULCNPC iMTnn HvEGiiIe vv cEL.rCeeS mTALrr.LssI oINii UNOSttryyeDtRVL eLLaAEDeInaaLlU, ,d wbP LP ,oCP a ,rCSr norhaPcehegtarhsolarioioarirdfrmyomeem lsnaa asnLnto,nd, e r CoBa,C dfTDr heutIhearcE,piee rT aP mBrIrSt eaomE.cn alie,rOes dnCcil,ottd T rHno oIsfaAEn lEiETcscsnolIsoe gnMPcci-tniaSraaneiDtcceeeha rlsGiil,nn rEegIo nn uTPcgpo.ri,,ono Igelansern carPd.iman ng,C e,L hlSaatwiarmnrefanoncrd,e ohe w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b egp naa file: This ng files. Pme typogr PDF esettind so ut this nal typned, a ogiai Aboriret viii ee er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. MLMHOUOAWGNRInHEKTt LeELrLH EnC aY.W. t i ToMR. HnSOIaRTLBl OELEEEEDcRLoRATnE,HS o, ,mELC Ex,io cceVn ocasinunucotdelitm-v aTPenirrs teat ,DTsd iAeedir ceFIehsnLcsnttu-,oo CeTrlos,Ie OgcCyh onPmolalmongniytitn,e gMe aonondns aMnTtaeonc aChgnoeommlopeganynt* yand pnv MARLENE R.B. BEAUDIN, Study Director, Committee on Technology and al pamattiative International Economic and Trade Issues e origincific forauthorit osed from XML files created from thding styles, and other typesetting-speprint version of this publication as the been recompd breaks, heaease use the s orPl ginal work hane lengths, wally inserted. the original; liccident n of e orien a ohe w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b egp naa file: This ng files. Pme typogr PDF esettind so ut this nal typned, a ogiai Aboriret * Formerly Staff Executive, Corporate Technology Planning, General Electric Company PREFACE ix ee er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. Preface pnv al pamattiative e origincific forauthorit In August 1976 the Committee on Technology and International Economic been recomposed from XML files created from thd breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-speease use the print version of this publication as the arceno•(cid:127)(cid:127)(cid:127)ldm a tTmTic(clcnREIoeOToooarneefivnaumturtcf EleistadeannhoeihClpdectttstneniisrere t Dop oassiio t wee;n nil)f 1tosstoI;as adio e s9gvhsfn o(s m t7 yeidLeucftpt8n h pecoeDast eechlsnh nosC h rbncedspeyneoe s e pomO)torilixwo ttonnlseareaorg e genmnntwgdey,eattd fy i in;nowfea n T eirtxletztihl cereptddaeetahcco t n nh:iohtriotsnartnmnrafsn eo oe d ptpillrnfrnoeaor oau;e gcogd rrmnyte niie cEme,l b o aaubctefptlhTreo i raioet tirnahcwn anlotoid nd sesmtvfeoe oe ivot,vin t rcUteafa ae allttn.CcoihtinSteoshpeyod.fcnn m eo hnU oorpantae lfnhentoono iierdgtltonta h oe in tocegdUUiUao afy l. .SU.ln SSS tst ah...ea.a Si n ectsnptd.e Eusr drsl uaroece tidecDdoarstseyaosnun e d .ndcowvdeoat mei etnimvhltovydohieynet, p *yl. tom o tUhTthapehte.enhhesSeniddeeerrt. s orPl committee concluded that the state of the nation's competitive position in world ginal work hane lengths, wally inserted. tstcrrtoaaamddteeemd iidtsthet eapaete , n frauedsfrsl t ehacp ectrrii oocmnnosa nerociqflluyu e tdhneuecdp e oht, hneta ahtile mto hin pmeor opfo vrfote htvmheee em dnmeot nmaotj oefo srf ttf ihacoec u terodc rpoosonm asofeimtfsietoycinc.t i nTienghc oeitnh ntecoe omrhmneyaam.tl itoihTtnt heoaeefl the original; liccident oevuird ednocme ewstaisc perecsoennotmedy duisr intgh et hest astteu dyo ft oi nindduisctaritael thiantn othvea tiinonno. vaCtoionns ipdreorcaebsles n of e orien a in the United States is not ohe w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b egp naa file: This ng files. Pme typogr PDF esettind so ut this nal typned, a * Available from the National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, ogiai Aboriret Washington, DC 20418.