The Commission for National Education of Poland and Lithuania, 1773–1794: A historical study of some aspects of its educational reforms

476 Pages·018.778 MB·English

by  Rackauskas, John A.

THE COMMISSION FOR NATIONAL EDUCATION
OF POLAND AND LITHUANIA (1773-1794):
A HISTORICAL STUDY OF SOME ASPECTS
OF ITS EDUCATIONAL REFORMS
by
John A. Rackauskas
Thesis presented to the
School of Graduate Studies
of the
University of Ottawa
as partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
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Chicago, Illinois, 1977
John A. Rackauskas, Ottawa, Canada, 1977
UMI Number: DC53279
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This thesis was begun under the supervision of Professor
Antanas Paplauskas-Ramunas, Ph.D., Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Education
and Director of the Comparative Education Centre of the University of
Ottawa. After his death the thesis was directed and supervised by
Professor Mary Mulcahy, Ph.D., Director of Graduate Programmes, Faculty
of Education of the University of Ottawa.
The writer is indebted to Professor Algirdas Sidlauskas, of the
University of Vilnius, for his assistance with primary source documents
in the archives of the University of Vilnius; to Professor J. Tornau,
Director of Libraries of the University of Vilnius, for permission to
use the archival materials pertaining to the Educational Commission in
1972 and 1974.
Acknowledgment is also due the following individuals for their
assistance during various phases of this research: Mr. Jonas Rackauskas,
Miss Alicija Rugyte, Mrs. Ramune Rackauskas, and Mrs. Rita Palulonis.
CURRICULUM STUDIORUM
John A. Rackauskas was born 20 January 1942, in Sveksna,
Lithuania. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in Education
from De Paul University, Chicago, Illinois in 1964. He received
the Master of Arts degree, with distinction, in School Administration
and Supervision from De Paul University, Chicago, Illinois, in 1968.
The title of his thesis was Historical Analysis of the Development
of Lithuanian Education from the Xllth Century to 1940.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter page
INTRODUCTION x
I.- LITHUANIAN POLITICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL
CONDITIONS FROM THE Xllth THROUGH THE XVIIIth CENTURIES 1
A. Political Developments from the Xllth to the
XVIIIth Centuries 1
B. Social and Economic Situation in the Commonwealth 15
1. Peasants 17
2. Burghers 21
3. Gentry 24
C. Lithuanian Cultural Conditions 27
II.- EDUCATION IN LITHUANIA PRIOR TO THE DISSOLUTION OF THE
JESUIT ORDER (1773) 34
A. Genesis and Function of the Cathedral Schools
in Europe 34
B. Schools in Lithuania During the Pre-Jesuit Era 37
C. Influences of the Protestant Reformation 48
D. Educational Activities of the Jesuit Order (1569-1773) 57
E. Educational Activities of the Piarsit Order 67
III.- THE ESTABLISHMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL
COMMISSION 80
A. The Dissolution of the Society of Jesus 80
B. The Establishment of the Commission for National
Education of Poland and Lithuania 90
C. Initial Organizational Activities of the Commission 98
D. Membership of the Educational Commission 102
E. Financial Operations Under the Distributing
Commissions 108
F. Financial Operations Under the Educational
Commission 116
G. The Society for Elementary Books 120
H. Summary 125
IV.- PROPOSALS FOR SCHOOL REFORM RECEIVED BY THE EDUCATIONAL
COMMISSION 127
A. The Appeal for Reform Proposals by the Commission 127
B. The Letters of Franciszek Bielinski 129
C. The Letters of Adolf Kaminski 133
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter page
IV.- PROPOSALS FOR SCHOOL REFORM RECEIVED BY THE EDUCATIONAL
COMMISSION (Continued)
D. The Proposal of Ignacy Potocki 136
E. The Plan of Adam Czartoryski 139
F. The Plan of Antoni Poplawski 141
G. The Proposal of Pierre Samuel Du Pont 155
H. Summary 160
V.- OVERVIEW OF THE EDUCATIONAL REFORMS 161
A. School Structure and Control 163
1. Legislation Governing the Schools 167
2. School Organization and Administration 181
3. School Supervision, Inspection, and Control 189
B. Elementary and Secondary Education 193
1. Private Schools 193
2. Elementary Schools 196
3. Secondary Schools 197
C. Post Secondary and Professional Education 209
1. Teacher Training Seminaries 209
2. Universities 213
D. Summary 218
VI.- TEACHERS IN THE REFORMED SCHOOLS 222
A. The Ex-Jesuits in the Reformed Schools 222
B. First Efforts at Preparing Lay Teachers for the
Elementary Schools 228
C. The Education of Lay Secondary Teachers in Lithuania 233
1. Training at the Chief School in Poland 234
2. Training at the Chief School in Lithuania 236
3. Curriculum and Instruction at the Lithuanian
Chief School 242
D. Lay Teachers in the Lithuanian Secondary Schools 246
E. Teachers and the Statutes of the Educational
Commission 253
F. Summary 262
VII.- SCHOOL VISITATIONS AND INSPECTIONS 265
A. School Visitations Conducted by the Commission 265
B. School Inspections in the Statutes of the Educational
Commission (1783) 287
C. General Inspectors from the Chief School in
Lithuania (1784-1798) 304
D. Summary 317
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter page
VIII.- ELEMENTARY EDUCATION UNDER THE EDUCATIONAL COMMISSION:
THE PARISH SCHOOLS 319
A. Status and Motivating Forces in the Establishment
of Parish Schools 319
B. The Parish School Regulation of 1774 324
C. Elementary Education in the Statutes of the
Educational Commission of 1783 350
D. The Decline of the Parish School Movement 362
E. Summary 367
IX.- IMPLICATIONS AND INFLUENCES OF THE REFORMS 370
A. The Gentry and Educational Reform 371
B. The Educational Commission and Lithuanian
Nationalism 381
C. Folk-Culture Pedagogy vs. School-Centered Pedagogy 392
D. Influences of the Reforms on the Educational
Systems of Other Countries 395
1. Implications for Chilian Education 396
2. Implications for Education in the United States 397
3. Implications for Russian Education 400
4. Implications for Prussian Education 402
E. Summary 404
SUMMARY 408
CONCLUSIONS 418
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 423
Appendix
1. ABSTRACT OF The Commission for National Education of
Poland and Lithuania (1773-1794): A Historical Study
of Some Aspects of Its Educational Reforms 457
LIST OF TABLES
Table page
I.- Members of the Educational Commission 103
II.- Income and Expenses of the Educational Commission for
1776-1792 117
III.- Members of the Society for Elementary Books (1775-1792)
of the Educational Commission of Poland and Lithuania. 122
IV.- Poplawski's Program of Studies and Schedule of Classes
in the Parish Schools 144
V.- P.oplawski's Program of Studies and Schedule of Classes
for the Public Schools 148
VI.- Program of Studies for District Schools Outlined in
1774 202
VII.- Program of Studies for the Chief District School as
Outlined in Chapter XV of the Statutes of 1783 204
VIII.- The District Schools in the Educational Districts
of Lithuania in 1783 206
IX.- Enrollments of Selected District Schools in the
Ethnographic Lithuanian Educational Districts:
1782-1791 208
X.- Visits Made by Members of the Educational Commission or
Their Delegates During the Time Period 1774-1781 274
XI.- Proposed List of District Schools in Lithuania to be
Visited by Piramowicz and Holowczyc During 1781 300
XII.- Inspections and Ratings of the District Schools of
Lithuania 1782-1791 307
XIII.- Enrollments by Social Class in Parish Schools of
Educational Districts in Lithuania for 1777 344
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure page
1.- The Commission for National Education of the Kingdom
of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1773-1794 182
2.- Reporting, Inspection, and Communication Procedures 187
LIST OF MAPS
Map page
1.- Poland, Lithuania, and Russia in the XVth Centuries 6
2.- The Partitions of Poland and Lithuania in 1772, 1773,
and 1795 9
3.- The Spread of Jesuit Schools in the Northern Territory
by 1725 66
4.- Schools Under the Commisson for National Education of
Poland and Lithuania in the Last Quarter of the
XVIIIth Century 190