The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Southwest

321 Pages·2010·8.664 MB·English

by  Trudy Griffin-Pierce

p r a i s e f o r G A major work on the history and culture
r
i of Southwest Indians, The Columbia Guide
The Columbia Guide to ff
in to American Indians of the Southwest tells a re-
-
American Indians of the Southwest P markable story of cultural continuity in
ie T h e C o l u m b i a G u i d e t o the face of migration, displacement, vio-
r
c lence, and loss. The Native peoples of the
e
American Southwest are a unique group,
for while the arrival of Europeans forced
American Indians of the
many Native Americans to leave their land
Trudy Griffin-Pierce (1949–2009) “A terrific guide for the novice that offers a wealth of valuable behind, those who lived in the Southwest
was an associate professor of anthropol- information. This book is academic, yet written in an approachable style.” A held their ground. Many still reside in
ogy at the University of Arizona. She is Maureen T. Schwarz, author of m Southwest their ancestral homes, and their oral his-
the author of Native Peoples of the Southwest; Blood and Voice: The Life-Courses of Navajo Women Ceremonial Practitioners e tories, social practices, and material ar-
Earth Is My Mother, Sky Is My Father: Space, r tifacts provide revelatory insight into the
Time, and Astronomy in Navajo Sandpainting; i history of the region and the country as a
c
and Native Americans: Enduring Cultures and T whole.
a
Traditions, and contributed a chapter to n h
National Geographic’s Peoples of the World. e Trudy Griffin-Pierce incorporates her
Her research focused on the Apachean The Columbia Guides to American Indian In C lifelong passion for the people of the
peoples, especially the Navajo, which led d o Southwest, especially the Navajo, into an
History and Culture also include:
her into the field of anthropology. i l absorbing narrative of pre- and postcon-
a u tact Native experiences. She finds that,
The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Great Plains n m even though the policies of the U.S. gov-
Loretta Fowler s
b ernment were meant to promote assimi-

o i lation, Native peoples formed their own
a
The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Northeast
f response to outside pressures, choosing

Kathleen J. Bragdon G to adapt rather than submit to external
t
h u change. Griffin-Pierce provides a chro-
The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Southeast
e i nology of instances that have shaped
Theda Perdue and Michael D. Green d present-day conditions in the region, as
S e
well as an extensive glossary of signifi-
o
j a c k e t i m a g e s t cant people, places, and events. Setting
u
o
“At the ford—Apache” t a precedent for ethical scholarship, she
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs h describes different methods for research-
division, Edward S. Curtis Collection, [repro- w ing the Southwest and cites sources for
The Columbia Guides to American Indian
duction number LC-USZC4-8805]
further archaeological and comparative
History and Culture e
s study. Completing the volume is a selec-
“Ndee Sangochonh, Apache Indian”
t tion of key primary documents, literary
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs
division, Edward S. Curtis Collection, [repro- works, films, Internet resources, and con-
duction number LC-USZ62-106797] tact information for each Native commu-
nity, enabling a more thorough investiga-
tion into specific tribes and nations.
PrINTEd IN THE U.S.A.
Columbia University Press / New York
www.cup.columbia.edu Columbia Trudy Griffin-Pierce
The Columbia Guide to
American Indians of the Southwest
R
The Columbia Guides to American Indian History and Culture
Columbia Guides to
American Indian History and Culture
The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Southeast
Theda Perdue and Michael D. Green
The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Northeast
Kathleen J. Bragdon
The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Great Plains
Loretta Fowler
the columbia guide to
American Indians
of the Southwest
R
Trudy Griffin-Pierce
columbia university press
new york
Columbia University Press
Publishers Since 1893
New York Chichester, West Sussex
Copyright © 2010 Columbia University Press
All rights reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Griffin-Pierce, Trudy, 1949–2009.
The Columbia guide to American Indians of the Southwest /
Trudy Griffin-Pierce.
p. cm. — (Columbia guides to American Indian history and culture)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-231-12790-5 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Indians of North America—Southwest, New—History. 2. Indians of
North America—Southwest, New—Social life and customs. I. Title. II. Series.
E78.S7G75 2009
979.004'97—dc22
2009005489
Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper.
This book was printed on paper with recycled content.
Printed in the United States of America
c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
References to Internet Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing.
Neither the author nor Columbia University Press is responsible for URLs
that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared.
contents
Preface ix
Maps xv
part i: history and culture 1
Chapter 1. Introduction 3
Chapter 2. Encounters with Europeans and Mexicans: 23
Trade and Warfare (1529–1853)
Chapter 3. American Expansion: Trade, Treaties, 49
and Reservations
Chapter 4. Surrender, Self-Determination, and Sovereignty 67
part ii: people, places, and events 89
part iii: chronology 147
part iv: resources 177
1. Research: Methods and History 179
2. Bibliographies and Research Aids 194
vi Contents
3. Published Primary Sources 195
4. Oral Traditions 203
5. Archaeological Studies 207
6. General and Comparative Studies 209
7. Tribal Studies 214
Apaches 214
Navajos 218
O’odham 231
Pueblos 235
River Yumans: Mohaves, Quechans (Yumas), 241
Maricopas, Cocopahs
Southern Paiutes 244
Upland Yumans: Hualapais, Havasupais, Yavapais 246
Yaquis 248
8. Artistic Production 250
9. Indian–Non-Indian Interaction 250
10. Language 252
11. Literature: Native American Voices 252
12. Native Relationships with the Land 253
13. Politics 254
14. Religion 255
15. Warfare 255
16. Films 256
17. Museums and Sites 258
18. Tribal Newspapers and Newsletters 260
19. Indian Tribes and Nations in the Southwest 260
20. Internet Sources 263
Index 265

The hogan and cornfield outside the Chinle Hospital, Chinle, Arizona. At the far left is the hospital;
at the right is the housing compound for Indian Health Service physicians and personnel.
preface
As I look at photographs from a trip to visit my Navajo family in Chinle, Ari-
zona, I see images of the past and present blended within every frame. Each
photo depicts some aspect of the ongoing processes that make up contemporary
Indian life in today’s American Southwest; each one is dense with meaning.
The photograph facing this page juxtaposes the Chinle Hospital and a
hogan; a cornfield stands behind the hogan, and in the background are the
houses in the living compound for Indian Health Service (IHS) physicians
and their families. This image represents the ongoing collaboration between
medicine people and IHS personnel. Since its inception in 2000, the Office of
Native Medicine (ONM) has been located within the Chinle Hospital, with
a hogan facility for traditional healing activities. In keeping with its goal of
bridging the gap in understanding between physicians and Navajo people, the
medicine men who work at ONM provide a wide array of services, includ-
ing but not limited to giving prayers and short ceremonies for Navajo patients
in the hospital; connecting Navajos who seek traditional healing but are not
patients at the hospital with appropriate medicine people for their diseases;
conducting classes for medicine people about such topics as recognizing the
symptoms of diabetes; and giving formal lectures on Navajo medicine beliefs
and practices for non-Navajo hospital staff. There are actually two hogans at
Chinle: one that is entered through the doorway of ONM and is part of the