The Colonisation and Settlement of Cyprus: Investigations at Kissonerga-Mylouthkia 1976-1996. Lemba Archaeological Project, Cyprus III.1 (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, 70:4)

411 Pages·2003·15.18 MB·English

by  Edgar Peltenburg

STUDIES IN MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAEOLOGY
VOL. LXX:4
LEMBA ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT, CYPRUS

Volume III.1

University of Edinburgh
and
National Museums of Scotland

THE COLONISATION AND SETTLEMENT
OF CYPRUS

INVESTIGATIONS AT KISSONERGA-MYLOUTHKIA,
1976-1996

Edited by

Edgar Peltenburg
Diane Bolger, Sue Colledge, Paul Croft, Sherry C. Fox, Elizabeth Goring, Adam Jackson,
Dororthy A. Lunt, Carole McCartney, Mary Anne Murray, Janet Ridout-Sharpe,
Gordon Thomas and Marie E. Watt

with contributions by

Eleni Asouti, Ruby Cerón-Carrasco, B. Gratuze, D. Miles and Jenny Shiels
SÄVEDALEN 2003
PAUL ÅSTRÖMS FÖRLAG
STUDIES IN MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAEOLOGY
VOL. LXX:4
LEMBA ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT, CYPRUS

Volume III.1

University of Edinburgh
and
National Museums of Scotland

THE COLONISATION AND SETTLEMENT
OF CYPRUS

INVESTIGATIONS AT KISSONERGA-MYLOUTHKIA,
1976-1996

Edited by

Edgar Peltenburg
Diane Bolger, Sue Colledge, Paul Croft, Sherry C. Fox, Elizabeth Goring, Adam Jackson,
Dororthy A. Lunt, Carole McCartney, Mary Anne Murray, Janet Ridout-Sharpe,
Gordon Thomas and Marie E. Watt

with contributions by

Eleni Asouti, Ruby Cerón-Carrasco, B. Gratuze, D. Miles and Jenny Shiels
SÄVEDALEN 2003
PAUL ÅSTRÖMS FÖRLAG
STUDIES IN MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAEOLOGY
Published by Professor Paul Åström, Mimersvägen 44,
S-433 64 Sävedalen, Sweden
http://www.astromeditions.com

©Lemba Archaeological Project 2003
ISBN 91-7081-119-9
Typesetting by Denis Miles
Printed in Sweden by Elanders Graphic Systems AB
Published by Paul Åströms förlag, Sävedalen
Contents

List of Figures ..................................................... v 7.5 Conclusions ..................................... 70
List of Plates ....................................................... ix 8 The Wood Charcoal Macro-remains:
List of Tables ...................................................... xii APreliminary Report by Eleni Asouti ..... 73
Abbreviations ...................................................... xv 8.1 Sample selection and laboratory
List of References ............................................... xvi procedures ........................................ 73
Acknowledgements ............................................. xxx 8.2 Taphonomic observations ................ 73
Current Activity - Mylouthkia Again by Paul Croft xxxi 8.3 Reconstruction of past vegetation and
Introduction ......................................................... xxxiii human activities ............................... 74
8.4 Conclusions ..................................... 75
9 The Mollusca by Janet Ridout-Sharpe ....... 77
PART I 9.1 The marine shells ............................. 78
9.2 Estuarine and freshwater shells ........ 80
9.3 Land snails ....................................... 80
The Cypro-Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Occupation 9.4 Fossils .............................................. 80
10 Fish Remains by Ruby Cerón-Carrasco ..... 81
1 The Wells and Other Vestiges by Paul Croft 3
10.1 Methods ........................................... 81
2 The Chipped Stone by Carole McCartney
10.2 General results and taphonomy ........ 81
and B. Gratuze ............................................ 11
10.3 Discussion of the fish remains ......... 82
2.1 Chronology ...................................... 11
11 Conclusions: Mylouthkia 1 and the Early
2.2 The sample ...................................... 11
Colonists of Cyprus by Edgar Peltenburg . 83
2.3 Raw material utilisation ................... 12
11.1 Chronology, terminology and the pre-
2.4 Technology ...................................... 15
Khirokitian sequence ....................... 83
2.5 Obsidian .......................................... 19
11.2 The nature of the Cypro-PPNB
2.6 The tools .......................................... 21
occupation ........................................ 87
2.7 Context and assemblage function .... 27
11.3 Where did the Mylouthkia settlers
2.8 Summary and implications .............. 30
come from? ...................................... 93
2.9 Provenance study of eight obsidian
11.4 Island colonisation ........................... 98
artefacts from the wells (B.G.) ........ 30
11.5 The evolution of the Khirokitian ..... 99
3 The Ground Stone Industry
by Adam Jackson ........................................ 35
3.1 Typology ......................................... 35
PART II
3.2 Comparison of features, summary and
conclusions ...................................... 39
4 Miscellaneous Artefacts
The Chalcolithic Settlements
by Paul Croft and Edgar Peltenburg ........... 41
4.1 Worked bone (P.C.) ......................... 41 12 The Pits and Other Negative Features
4.2 Other objects (E.P.) ......................... 42 by Paul Croft and Gordon Thomas .............. 107
5 Human Remains by Sherry C. Fox, 12.1 Units 1-34 (G.T.) ............................. 107
Dorothy A. Lunt and Marie E. Watt ........... 43 12.2 Units 100-110, 300 (P.C.) ............... 112
5.1 The skeletal remains (S.C.F.) .......... 43 13 Buildings by Paul Croft and Gordon Thomas 117
5.2 The dentitions (D.A.L. and M.E.W.) 46 13.1 Building descriptions (G.T.) ............ 117
6 The Animal Bones by Paul Croft .............. 49 13.2 Discussion 1 (G.T.) .......................... 123
6.1 Introduction to the zooarchaeology 13.3 Discussion 2 (P.C.) .......................... 127
of the Cypro-PPNB ......................... 49 14 The Pottery by Diane Bolger and Jenny Shiels 133
6.2 Bones from the Mylouthkia wells and 14.1 Processing procedures ..................... 133
other Cypro-PPNB contexts ............ 50 14.2 Morphological types ........................ 133
6.3 The zooarchaeology of Cypro-PPNB 14.3 Surface treatment ............................. 134
Cyprus: discussion ........................... 56 14.4 Fabrics ............................................. 135
7 The Plant Remains by Mary Anne Murray 59 14.5 Vessel manufacture .......................... 136
7.1 Methodology ................................... 59 14.6 Catalogue of vessels and miscellaneous
7.2 The presentation of data .................. 62 pottery .............................................. 137
7.3 The plant remains ............................ 63 14.7 Discussion of ceramics from
7.4 Summary of results by sample, Units 1-34 ........................................ 141
context type and period ................... 67
iii
Contents
14.8 Discussion of ceramics from 20 The Animal Bones by Paul Croft ............... 225
Units 100-110 ................................... 145 20.1 Period 2 (Early Chalcolithic) ........... 225
14.9 Discussion of ceramics from 20.2 Period 3 (Middle Chalcolithic) ........ 228
Units 111-356 ................................... 147 20.3 The economic animals ..................... 229
14.10 The Mylouthkia ceramic sequence ... 158 20.4 Discussion and conclusions ............. 235
14.11 The experimental replication of
21 The Charred Plant Remains in Three
Chalcolithic pottery (J.S.) ................ 162
of the Pits by Sue Colledge ........................ 239
14.12 Ceramics and society at Mylouthkia 168
21.1 Provenance of the sample ................ 239
15 Figurines, Figurine Fragments, 21.2 The plant remains ............................ 241
Unidentifiable Worked Stone and Pottery 21.3 Cereals ............................................. 241
Fragments by Elizabeth Goring ................. 169 21.4 Pulses ............................................... 243
15.1 Introduction ...................................... 169 21.5 Fruits and oil plants ......................... 243
15.2 Stone, other than picrolite ................ 169 21.6 Wild or weed taxa ............................ 243
15.3 Picrolite ............................................ 170 21.7 Shedding light on the contents of the
15.4 Pottery .............................................. 171 Mylouthkia pits ............................... 244
15.5 General remarks ............................... 172
22 The Mollusca by Janet Ridout-Sharpe ....... 247
15.6 Catalogue of figurines, figurine
22.1 The marine shells ............................. 247
fragments, unidentifiable worked
22.2 Estuarine and freshwater shells ....... 250
stone and pottery fragments ............. 172
22.3 Land snails ....................................... 252
16 The Ground Stone Industry by Adam 22.4 Summary and conclusions ............... 252
Jackson ........................................................ 177
23 Fish Remains by Ruby Cerón-Carrasco .... 255
16.1 Typology .......................................... 177
23.1 Notes on species identified .............. 255
16.2 Intrasite analysis ............................... 183
23.2 General discussion of the Chalcolithic
16.3 Summary and conclusions ............... 187
fish remains ..................................... 256
17 Other Artefacts and Materials by 24 Post-Colonisation Settlement Patterns: the
Paul Croft and Edgar Peltenburg ................. 191 Late Neolithic-Chalcolithic Transition by
17.1 Metal (E.P.) ...................................... 191 Edgar Peltenburg ........................................ 257
17.2 Pendants (E.P.) ................................. 191 24.1 Dating Periods 2 and 3 to the mid-4th
17.3 Beads (E.P.) ..................................... 193 millennium ...................................... 257
17.4 The bone and antler industry (P.C.) . 194 24.2 Above and below: the Period 2 post-
17.5 Red ochre processing (E.P.) ............. 199 frame structures ............................... 261
17.6 Miscellaneous (E.P.) ........................ 200 24.3 The Period 2 artefact-rich pits ......... 263
24.4 Period 3 stone-based architecture:
18 Chipped Stone Report by Carole McCartney 203
Building 200 .................................... 266
18.1 The sample ....................................... 203
24.5 Aspects of post-colonisation settlement
18.2 Raw materials utilisation .................. 205
patterns ............................................ 272
18.3 Technology ...................................... 207
24.6 Conclusions ………………………… 275
18.4 Obsidian ........................................... 211
18.5 The tools .......................................... 211
Appendices
19 Human Remains by Sherry C. Fox, A Unit Log and Site Phasing ............ 277
Dorothy A. Lunt and Marie E. Watt ............ 221
B List of Registered Finds ................ 285
19.1 The skeletal remains (S.C.F.) ........... 221
(abbreviated)
19.2 The dentitions (D.A.L. and M.E.W.) 224
C List of Catalogued Finds ............... 303
D List of Finds According to Context 307
iv
List of Figures
[For provenance and further descriptions of objects, see Appendices B and C]
2.1 Ba-Zr, Sr-Rb, and Ba-Sr diagrams: comparison 20.5 Mylouthkia pigs dispersion diagram. ................. 232
of the obsidian artefacts excavated at Mylouthkia
20.6 Mylouthkia and Kissonerga goat. Humerus H x
with different Cappadocian obsidian sources. ..... 33
Bd. ...................................................................... 234
3.1 Period 1: graph showing number of artefacts by
20.7 Mylouthkia and Kissonerga goat. Radius H x Bd 234
class. ................................................................... 36
21.1 The relationship between numbers of taxa and
3.2 Well 116: graph showing occurrence of ground
sample size. ........................................................ 241
stone by class and general condition. .................. 39
21.2 The relationship between numbers of identifiable
3.3 Well 133: graph showing occurrence of ground
charred items and sample size. ........................... 241
stone by class and general condition. .................. 39
21.3 Proportions of cereal taxa from pits 1 and 16. .... 242
7.1 Cereal grains and chaff from the wells. a) C542
21.4 Proportions of pulses from pits 1 and 16. ........... 242
Triticum monococcum/dicoccum apical fragments;
b) C531 Triticum monococcum apical fragments; 21.5 Mean number of identifiable items per litre from
c) C518 Triticum cf. monococcum; d) C481 Mylouthkia and Kissonerga. .............................. 244
Triticum dicoccum; e) C481 Triticum mono- 24.1 Radiocarbon dates of selected sites of the Late
coccum/dicoccum spikelet forks; f) C542 Triticum Neolithic - Middle Chalcolithic periods. Vrysi,
monococcum/ dicoccum spikelet forks. Drawings Sotira and Kalavasos B dates are terminal Neo-
by S. Colledge. .................................................... 63 lithic, Mylouthkia 3 and Kissonerga 3A the start
11.1 Radiocarbon dates (single s.d.) from sites of the of the Middle Chalcolithic. The remainder belong
Cypro-Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period, c. 8,600 - to the Early Chalcolithic period. ......................... 260
6,500 cal BC. Dates from Guilaine et al. 2000a; 24.2 Reconstructed distribution of pottery vessels,
Todd 1987. .......................................................... 84 stone lids and used pebbles in Building 200,
11.2 Cross-section of site showing relationship of well occupation II. ..................................................... 268
133 to water exiting at cliff-face and present sea- 24.3a Distribution of cutting tools in Building 200,
level. ................................................................... 87 occupation II. ..................................................... 269
11.3 Sections (inset) and profiles of wells 116 and 133. 24.3b Distribution of beads, pendants, antler debitage
Inset shows fills and locations of dated samples. and larger chipped stone in Building 200, occup-
A. well 133 human and caprine deposits; ation II. ............................................................... 269
B. distribution of fauna and Mollusca; C. distri-
24.3c Distribution of ground stone abrasion and
bution of ground stone, obsidian and red ochre,
polishing tools in Building 200, occupation II. .. 269
with addition of human bone in well 116. ........... 88
24.3d Activity segments in conventional Chalcolithic
11.4 Occurrence rate of objects in wells 116 and 133. 89
building, applied to Building 200. ...................... 269
12.1 Isometric view of pit 16, partly excavated. ......... 110
24.4 Settlement model for the Late Neolithic - Middle
14.1 Red-on-White pottery motifs from Mylouthkia. 135 Chalcolithic periods. .......................................... 273
14.2 Inter-area frequencies (%) of fabrics A, B and F. 158
14.3 Inter-area frequencies (%) of Glossy Burnished At end of text
and Red Monochrome surface treatment. ........... 159
25 Map of Cyprus showing main Neolithic and
16.1 Occurrence of ground stone by class and general
Chalcolithic sites mentioned in the text.
condition (surface finds excluded). ..................... 183
26 Area of site in relation to tracks and cadastral plot
16.2 Pit 1 occurrence by class and condition. ............. 184
numbers. Dense tone area: greatest concentration of
16.3 Pit 16 occurrence by class and condition. ........... 184 finds from field walking; lighter tone: full extent of
16.4 Pit 108 occurrence by class and condition. ......... 185 scatter. Plot 106A/506: Periods 1-2 features revealed
in March 2000.
16.5 Pit 109 occurrence by class and condition. ......... 185
27 Site plan with location of surveyed and excavated
16.6 Pit 110 occurrence by class and condition. ......... 186 features. For inset see Fig. 28.
16.7 Building 200 occurrence by class and condition. 186 28 General plan of northern excavation area. Features
17.1 Geological map of area of Mylouthkia showing 116, 133, 337-9 and 345 belong to the Cypro-PPNB,
possible sources of red ochre. ............................. 200 the others to the Chalcolithic period. Shaded: made
surface.
20.1 Southern English Dama dama. Scapula LG x BG 230
29 Wells 116 and 133 profiles of wells, and plan of base
20.2 Mylouthkia Dama mesoptamica. Scapula LG x of well 116, Period 1A-B.
BG. ...................................................................... 230
30 Plan and section of Building 340, pit 338 and adjacent
20.3 Southern English Dama dama. Radius BFd x Bd 230 features, Period 1B.
20.4 Mylouthkia Dama mesoptamica. Scapula BFd x 31 Plans and sections of pit 1, Period 2.
Bd. ...................................................................... 230
32 Sections of pit 1 showing deposition phases, Period 2.

v
List of Figures
33 Sections of pits 2A, 2B, 4, 5 and 9 exposed in west 46 Ground stone objects of Periods 1A and 1B. Axe (1);
facing terrace of seaward track cutting site, Period 2 hammerstone (2); hammerstone/grinder (3); pounder
and 2?. (4); rubbing stone (5); anvil (6); grooved stones (7-8);
34 Plan and section of pit 16, Period 2. macehead (9); and bowls (10-13). Scale 1:3 1) KMyl
1173; 2) KMyl 1098; 3) KMyl 1088; 4) KMyl 1099;
35 Plan and section of pits 24, 28, 100-102 and ditch 103,
5) KMyl 1060; 6) KMyl 1028; 7) KMyl 1532; 8)
Period 2.
KMyl 1103; 9) KMyl 1505; 10) KMyl 1613; 11)
36 Plans of ditches 105 (part) and 106. Plan and section
KMyl 1002; 12) KMyl 1711; 13) KMyl 1575.
of ditch 107. ? Period.
47 Stone bowls of Periods 1A and 1B. Scale 1:5 (2); 1:3
37 Plans and sections of ditch 105, Period ?, pits 108-9
(1, 3-4); 1:2 (5). 1) KMyl 1237; 2) KMyl 1841; 3)
and well 110, Periods 1 and 2.
KMyl 368; 4) KMyl 1521; 5) KMyl 1171.
38 Plan and section of Building 152 and pits 147 and
48 Glossy Burnished and Red Monochrome pottery
136/166, Period 2 and 2?. (Underlined numbers
vessels and lids of Periods 2 and 3. Scales 1:2 (5-8);
registered small finds).
1:3 (2-3, 9-12); 1:4 (1, 4). 1) KMyl 87; 2) KMyl 442;
39 Plans of fragmentary Buildings 290 and 330, Period 3. 3) KMyl 437; 4) Cat. 403; 5) KMyl 224.01; 6) KMyl
(Underlined numbers registered small finds). 224.02; 7) KMyl 473; 8) KMyl 411; 9) KMyl 1929;
40 Plan of Building 200, occupation I, floor 283, Period 10) KMyl 443; 11) KMyl 438; 12) KMyl 445.
3. (Underlined numbers registered small finds). 49 Red Monochrome pottery vessels of Period 3. Scales
41 Plan of Building 200, occupation II, floor 276, Period 1:3 (1-3, 5); 1:4 (4, 6, 8); 1:6 (7). 1) KMyl 1987; 2)
3. (Underlined numbers registered small finds). KMyl 2024; 3) KMyl 1924; 4) KMyl 1922; 5) KMyl
1933; 6) KMyl 1923; 7) KMyl 2023; 8) KMyl 1925.
42 Plan and section of Building 200, Period 3 and section
of part of pit 300, Period 2. (Underlined numbers 50 Red Monochrome pottery vessels of Period 2 and 3.
registered small find). Scales 1:3 (1-3); 1:6 (4-7). 1) KMyl 1919; 2) KMyl
444; 3) KMyl 2018; 4) KMyl 1920; 5) KMyl 1927; 6)
43 Chipped stone cores and core trimming elements,
KMyl 1921; 7) KMyl 1926.
Periods 1-3. Scale 2:3. 1) Crested blade, well 116.123,
refitted to core from well 116.114, Period 1A; 2) 51 Red Monochrome pottery vessels of Period 3. Scales
Crossed platform core, pit 338.352, Period 1B; 3) 1:3 (2); 1:6 (1, 3-6). 1) KMyl 1930; 2) KMyl 2021; 3)
Core-on-flake, pit 16.04, Period 2; 4) Discoidal core, KMyl 2015; 4) KMyl 2016; 5) KMyl 2017; 6) KMyl
pit 16.07, Period 2; 5) Crossed platform core, pit 2022.
16.04, Period 2; 6) Mixed platform core, Fill 1.05, 52 Red-on-White pottery vessels and miscellaneous
Period 2; 7) Core tablet, pit 16.04, Period 2; sherds of Periods 2 and 3. Scales 1:2 (2-3); 1:3 (1, 4-6,
8) Platform rejuvenation, pit 16.01, Period 2; 9) 8); 1:4 (7). 1) KMyl 439; 2) KMyl 1956; 3) KMyl
Crested blade, pit 16.04, Period 2; 10) Discoidal core, 1969; 4) KMyl 225.01; 5) KMyl 225.02; 6) KMyl
surface 148, Period 3; 11) Platform rejuvenation, B 1917; 7) KMyl 2020; 8) KMyl 447.
200.173, Period 3; 12) Core tablet, Unit 113, Period 3;
53 Coarse Ware pottery vessels of Period 3. Scales 1:3
13) Splintered piece, B 200.305, Period 3; 14) Single
(1-4); 1:4 (5). 1) Cat. 402; 2) KMyl 446; 3) Cat. 401;
platform core, B 200.254, Period 3.
4) Cat. 400; 5) KMyl 436.
44 Chipped stone tools of Period 1A. Scale 2:3. 1) Burin-
54 Miscellaneous pottery vessels and jar stoppers of
on-break (on re-used point tang), well 116.124; 2)
Periods 2 and 3. Scales 1:2 (1-9); 1:6 (10-11). 1)
Point tang, well 116.124; 3) Utilised blade (on reused
KMyl 1988; 2) KMyl 1180; 3) Cat. 399; 4) KMyl 56;
point tang), well 116.124; 4) Dihedral burin, well
5) KMyl 130; 6) KMyl 124; 7) KMyl 1918; 8) KMyl
116.124; 5) Burin-on-break, well 116.123; 6) Finely
1931; 9) KMyl 457; 10) KMyl 2014; 11) KMyl 1928.
denticulated glossed blade, well 116.124; 7) Burin-on-
55 Miscellaneous pottery objects and sherds of Periods 2
break, well 116.124; 8) Blade with retouched
and 3. Scales 1:2 (3-4, 6, 8-9); 1:3 (2, 5); 1:4 (1, 7). 1)
truncation, well 116.124; 9) Finely denticulated
KMyl 775; 2) KMyl 1216; 3) KMyl 420; 4) KMyl
glossed blade, well 116.124; 10) Bilaterally retouched
1210; 5) KMyl 1916; 6) KMyl 1934; 7) KMyl 86; 8)
flake, well 116.124; 11) Utilised blade segment, well
KMyl 572; 9) KMyl 160.
116.124; 12) Pièce esquillée (on re-used glossed
piece), well 116.124; 13) Pièce esquillée, well 56 Various rim sherds of Periods 2 and 3. Scale 1:2. 1)
116.124; 14) Convex retouched flake, well 116.124; GB platter (Type 1), pit 16.07. Diam. 21 cm; 2) GB
15) Borer, well 116.124; 16) Borer, well 116.123. platter (Type 1), pit 16.08. Diam. 28 cm; 3) GB platter
(Type 1), pit 16.07. Diam. unknown; 4) RM-a platter
45 Chipped stone tools of Period 1B. Scale 2:3. 1) Burin-
(Type 1), pit 109.02. Diam. 31 cm; 5) RM-a platter
on-break (on re-used pressure retouched piece), pit
(Type 1), pit 100.03. Diam. 45 cm; 6) RM-a platter
338.354; 2) Convex backed blade, well 133.279; 3)
(Type 1), pit 100.04. Diam. 50 cm; 7) RM-a platter
Bilateral retouched blade, well 133.278; 4) Convex
(Type 1), ditch 105.01. Diam. 42 cm; 8) RM-a platter
backed blade, well 133.278; 5) Alternate retouched
(Type 1), pit 108.01. Diam. 36 cm; 9) RM-a platter
blade, well 133.282; 6) Rectilinear backed blade, well
(Type 1), pit 108.01. Diam. 15 cm; 10) GB hemibowl
133.264; 7) Notched flake, pit 338.352; 8) Blade with
(Type 2), surface find. Diam. 23 cm; 11) GB deep
retouched truncation, well 133.331; 9) Unretouched
bowl (Type 3), pit 16.04. Diam. 14 cm; 12) GB-d deep
glossed blade, well 133.282; 10) End scraper, well
bowl (Type 3), pit 100.03. Diam. 34 cm; 13) RM-d
133.282; 11) Denticulated flake, well 133.260; 12)
deep bowl (Type 3), pit 109.03. Diam. unknown; 14)
Borer, well 133.282; 13) Utilised flake, pit 338.354;
RM-d deep bowl (Type 3), pit 108.2. Diam. 28 cm;
14) Pièce esquillée (on re-used glossed piece), well
15) PW-? deep bowl (Type 3), pit 102.01. Diam.
133.333; 15) Pièce esquillée,well 133.331.
vi
List of Figures
18 cm; 16) GB-a hemibowl (Type 2), ditch 105.01. GB horn lug attached to a tray (Type 4), pit 24.01; 20)
Diam. 14 cm; 17) RM-a hemibowl (Type 2), pit ?-d vertical ear lug, pit 100.01; 21) ?-d horizontal ear
108.01. Diam. 22 cm; 18) RW-? deep bowl (Type 3), lug, pit 109.7.
pit 108.01. Diam. unknown; 19) RM-a holemouth
59 Various spouts of Periods 2 and 3, and Late sherds.
(Type 5), pit 102.01. Diam. 9 cm; 20) ?-b holemouth
Scale 1:2. 1) ?-a square-cut tubular spout, pit 300.257;
(Type 5), pit 108.01. Diam. 8 cm; 21) RM-a
2) GB-? cut-away spout, pit 1.05; 3) GB-c square-cut
holemouth (Type 5), B 200.126. Diam. unknown;
tubular spout, pit 300.258; 4) ? surface-fabric tubular
22) RM-a holemouth (Type 5), pit 108.01. Diam. 15
spout with sub-square mouth, surface find; 5) GB-?
cm; 23) RM-a hole-mouth (Type 5), pit 108.01. Diam.
square-cut tubular spout with mendholes, pit 1.05; 6)
10 cm; 24) X-c holemouth (Type 5), pit 100.02. Diam.
GB-a tubular spout with mendholes, general 130; 7)
11 cm; 25) RM-a holemouth (Type 5), pit 108.01.
RM-a square-cut tubular spout, pit 300.256; 8) GB-?
Diam. unknown; 26) RM-a holemouth storage jar
short, square-cut tubular spout, pit 1.05; 9) RM-?
(Type 6), pit 108.1. Diam. 26 cm; 27) GB holemouth
square-cut tubular spout, pit 200.311; 10) Late White
(Type 5), surface find. Diam. 11 cm; 28) RM-a
Painted base sherd, ditch 105.01; 11) Late White
holemouth storage jar (Type 6), pit 108.02. Diam. >28
Painted handle fragment, ditch 105.01.
cm.
60 Painted, combed, incised and perforated sherds of
57 Various rim and base sherds of Period 2 (except 20).
Periods 2 and 3. Scale 1:2. 1) RW fragmentary
Scale 1:2. 1) RW holemouth with perforations below
spouted bowl (Type 17), Unit 2B.04; 2) RW
rim (Type 5), pit 1.05. Diam. 10 cm; 2) RW
fragmentary platter (Type 1), Unit 2B.02; 3) RW
holemouth with perforations below rim (Type 5),
fragmentary platter (Type 1); painted decoration on
pit 1.11. Diam. 10 cm; 3) Possible GB holemouth
interior, pit 1.05; 4) PW-g sherd with large circular
(Type 5), pit 16.02. Diam. unknown; 4) GB holemouth
perforation, potspread 200.228; 5) Fragment of RW
(Type 5), pit 16.01. Diam. 17 cm; 5) Possible GB
flask neck (Type 7), pit 1.05; 6) Fragment of RW flask
holemouth with everted rim (Type 5), pit 16.08. Diam.
neck (Type 7), pit 1.05; 7) Combed ware, open body
7cm; 6) RM-b flask (Type 7), pit 109.02. Diam. 4 cm;
sherd, combing on interior; ? context; 8) GB-a incised
7) GB flask (Type 7), pit 16.08. Diam. 4.6 cm; 8) RM-
flask neck (Type 7), pit 1.05; 9) RW incised flask neck
aflask (Type 7), pit 102.01. Diam. 5 cm; 9) X-b flask
(Type 7), pit 1.02; 10) Combed ware, open body
(Type 7), pit 109.02. Diam. 6 cm; 10) ?-b flask (Type
sherd, combing on exterior; ? context; 11) RW-a
7), ditch 107.01. Diam. 6 cm; 11) GB flask (Type 7),
incised flask rim and neck (Type 7), pit 109.06; 12)
pit 1.05. Diam. 5.5 cm; 12) GB flat base (Type A), pit
RW platter with decoration on interior, pit 1.11. Diam.
16.02. Diam. 6 cm; 13) RM-a flat base (Type A), pit
c. 30 cm; 13) Combed ware, open body sherd,
108.01. Diam. 13 cm; 14) GB-d flat base (Type A), pit
combing on interior; ? context; 14) PW-a incised flask
108.01. Diam. 21 cm; 15) RM-d flat base (Type A),
rim and neck (Type 7), well 110.2.
pit 108.01. Diam. 8 cm; 16) RM-b flat base (Type A),
61 Figurines of stone, including picrolite (5-7), from
pit 108.04. Diam. 14 cm; 17) RM-a omphalos base
Periods 2 and 3. Scale 1:2. 1) KMyl 47; 2) KMyl 98;
(Type B), pit 100.01. Diam. 4.6 cm; 18) X-a omphalos
3) KMyl 1141; 4) KMyl 1111; 5) KMyl 52; 6) KMyl
base (Type B), pit 100.03. Diam. 3.4 cm; 19) RM-?
106; 7) KMyl 1203.
omphalos base (Type B), pit 100.04. Diam. 6.2 cm;
20) GB omphalos base (Type B), surface find. Diam. 62 Figurines of picrolite and Red-on-White pottery from
4cm; 21) RM-? flanged base (Type C), pit 100.02. Periods 2 and 3. Scales 1:2 (2-9); 11 (1). 1) KMyl
Diam. 17 cm; 22) RM-d flanged base (Type C), pit 1423; 2) KMyl 9; 3) KMyl 71; 4) KMyl 120; 5) KMyl
108.01. Diam. 46 cm; 23) CW flanged base (Type C), 72; 6) KMyl 85; 7) KMyl 171; 8) KMyl 412; 9) KMyl
pit 108.01. Diam. unknown; 24) RM-d flanged base 1215.
(Type C), pit 100.03. Diam. 50 cm; 25) GB-d flanged 63 Figurines of varied pottery types from Periods 2 and 3.
base (Type C), pit 102.01. Diam. 40 cm; 26) RM-e Scales 1:2 (1-2, 4-14); 1:1 (3). 1) KMyl 1270;
flanged base (Type C), pit 100.03. Diam. 48 cm; 27) 2) KMyl 1271; 3) KMyl 16; 4) KMyl 59; 5) KMyl 74;
CW flanged base (Type C), pit 16.04. Diam. unknown. 6) KMyl 89; 7) KMyl 58; 8) KMyl 109; 9) KMyl 100;
58 Various bases and lugs of Periods 2 and 3. Scale 1:2. 10) KMyl 149; 11) KMyl 155; 12) KMyl 166; 13)
1) ?-b pointed base (Type E), well 110.01; 2) ?-a KMyl 232.
pointed base (Type E), pit 109.06; 3) GB-a pointed 64 Stone axes (1-7), adzes (8-13), chisels (14-18) and
base (Type E), general 131; 4) RW pointed base (Type flaked tools (19-21). Scale 1:3. 1) KMyl 538; 2) KMyl
E), pit 1.02; 5) ? surface-fabric pointed base (Type E), 1; 3) KMyl 57; 4) KMyl 488; 5) KMyl 408; 6) KMyl
general 131; 6) ?-b pointed base (Type E), pit 108.01; 709; 7) KMyl 499; 8) KMyl 550; 9) KMyl 157; 10)
7) ?-b pointed base (Type E), pit 109.01; 8) GB-a KMyl 2; 11) KMyl 477; 12) KMyl 524; 13) KMyl
raised base (Type I), pit 300.257. Diam. 5 cm; 9) ? 470; 14) KMyl 399; 15) KMyl 382; 16) KMyl 823;
surface-fabric pointed base (Type E), Unit 236; 10) 17) KMyl 814; 18) KMyl 99; 19) KMyl 745; 20)
RM-? pointed base (Type E), ditch 107.01; 11) RM-b KMyl 68; 21) KMyl 222.
raised base (Type I), B 330.199. Diam. 4 cm; 12) RM-
65 Stone axe-shaped grinders (1-2); hammerstones (3-4);
?horizontal ear lug, pit 108.02; 13) RM-a raised base
hammerstone/grinders (5-7,9); pounders (8, 10-11);
(Type I), pit 300.256. Diam. 3 cm; 14) RM-d
and pestles (12-13). Scale 1:3. 1) KMyl 197; 2) KMyl
horizontal ear lug, ditch 107.01; 15) RM-e ear lug, pit
526; 3) KMyl 27; 4) KMyl 144; 5) KMyl 801; 6)
109.04; 16) ? surface-fabric pierced lug, context
KMyl 677; 7) KMyl 204; 8) KMyl 397; 9) KMyl 793;
unknown; 17) PW-? raised base (Type I), pit 108.02.
10) KMyl 150; 11) KMyl 913; 12) KMyl 567; 13)
Diam. 5 cm; 18) ?-d ear lug, well 110.01; 19) possible
KMyl 1422.

vii
List of Figures
66 Stone pestle (1), rubbing stones (2-3), polisher (4), 72 Chipped stone tools of Period 2. Scale 2:3. 1) Burin-
fine abrader (5), pebble grinder (6), rubber (7), quern on-break from pit 16.04; 2) Concave truncation burin
(8). Scales 1:6 (8); 1:3 (1-7). 1) KMyl 487; 2) KMyl from pit 16.7; 3) Concave truncation burin from pit
191; 3) KMyl 127; 4) KMyl 536; 5) KMyl 518/535; 6) 108.02; 4) Backed and truncated glossed piece from
KMyl 662; 7) KMyl 1293; 8) KMyl 1189. pit 16.04; 5) Nucleiform burin from ditch 103.02; 6)
67 Stone quern (1), cupped stones (2-5), conical stones Burin re-using retouched blade from pit 16.07;
(6, 8) and anvil (7). Scale 1:3. 1) KMyl 451; 2) KMyl 7) Denticulate pit from 108.01; 8) Concave truncation
73; 3) KMyl 93; 4) KMyl 914; 5) KMyl 681; 6) KMyl burin (re-using notch) from pit 16.01; 9) Denticulate
176; 7) KMyl 24; 8) KMyl 954. from pit 16.02; 10) End scraper from pit 108.01;
11) Side scraper from pit 16.04.
68 Conical stone (1), pivot stone (2), perforated stone (3),
spindle whorl (4), semi-perforated cone (5), and bowls 73 Chipped stone tools of Period 2. Scale 2:3. 1) Notch,
(6-8). Scales 1:6 (2); 1:3 (1, 3-8). 1) KMyl 1185; 2) pit 16.04; 2) Notch, pit 16.07; 3) Borer, pit 1.05;
KMyl 1192; 3) KMyl 893; 4) KMyl 266; 5) KMyl 4) Blade with retouched truncation, pit 108.01; 5)
468; 6) KMyl 850; 7) KMyl 288; 8) KMyl 863. Backed flake, pit 1.05; 6) Retouched flake, general
167; 7) Bilaterally retouched flake, pit 16.04;
69 Stone bowls (1-9), lid (10) and jar stopper (11). Scale
8) Alternating retouched flake, pit 16.04; 9) Wedge,
1:3. 1) KMyl 219; 2) KMyl 67; 3) KMyl 965; 4) KMyl
pit 100.03; 10) Utilised flake, ditch 103.02; 11)
17; 5) KMyl 853; 6) KMyl 90; 7) KMyl 812; 8) KMyl
Utilised blade, pit 16.01.
297; 9) KMyl 101; 10) KMyl 501; 11) KMyl 469.
74 Chipped stone tools of Period 3. Scale 2:3. 1) Burin-
70 Pendants (1-14) and beads (15 -22) from Periods 1 - 3.
on-break, surface 148; 2) Concave truncation burin,
Scale 1:2. 1) KMyl 549, picrolite, Type 2.2; 2) KMyl
B200.283; 3) Burin-on-break, B 200.211; 4) Glossed
1187, Type 2.2; 3) KMyl 209, Type 2.5?; 4) KMyl
blade, pit 300.181; 5) Concave truncation burin,
105, Type 2.15?; 5) KMyl 1170, Type 2.5?; 6) KMyl
general 113; 6) Burin re-using glossed piece, general
240, Type 2.15; 7) KMyl 531, Type 2.15?; 8) KMyl
210; 7) Denticulate, B 200.117; 8) Denticulate, pit
1417, Type 2.15; 9) KMyl 251, Type 2.18; 10) KMyl
300.256; 9) Notch, pit 300.256; 10) Notch, B 200.311;
51; 11) KMyl 305; 12) KMyl 264; 13) KMyl 118; 14)
11) Flake with retouched truncation, general 210;
KMyl 220; 15) KMyl 154, Type 7; 16) KMyl 1214,
12) Drill, surface 146; 13) Borer, pit 300.217.
Type 7?; 17) KMyl 119, Type 10; 18) KMyl 449,
Type 10; 19) KMyl 135, Type 11; 20) KMyl 1283, 75 Chipped stone tools of Period 3. Scale 2:3 1) Round
Type 11; 21) KMyl 1288, Type 11; 22) KMyl 1353, scraper, B 200.202; 2) End/side scraper, B 200.211;
Type 11. 3) End/side scraper, B 200.173; 4) Backed flake,
B200.155; 5) Utilised blade, B 330.325; 6) Flake
71 Miscellaneous objects from Periods 1-3. Scales 1:2 (1-
truncation, Unit 210; 7) Retouched chip, B 200.283; 8)
5, 7-11, 15, 16, 18); 1:1 (6, 12-14); 2:1 (17). 1) KMyl
Retouched flake, Unit 210; 9) Alternate retouched
390; 2) KMyl 540; 3) KMyl 1219; 4) KMyl 139; 5)
flake, pit 300.197; 10) Utilised blade, pit 300.255; 11)
KMyl 1914; 6) KMyl 34; 7) KMyl 134; 8) KMyl
Utilised flake, pit 300.253; 12) Wedge, B 200.291; 13)
1346; 9) KMyl 201; 10) KMyl 289; 11) KMyl 140;
Utilised flake.
12) KMyl 92; 13) Cat. 320; 14) KMyl 96; 15) KMyl
60; 16) KMyl 199; 17) KMyl 271.01; 18) KMyl 44.
viii
List of Plates
[For provenance and further descriptions of objects, see Appendices B and C]
Frontispiece 3. Pit 1 with in situ surface scraped fills, from
north-west. 2 m scale
1. Aerial photo taken in 1986 showing the coastal
4. Pit 1 completely excavated except for central
location of the site from the north. The site lies
east-west baulk, from east. 2 m scales
mainly in fields above the central, sheltered
cove. The southern headland of this cove is 5. Detail of human bones, KMyl 83, of an
Kefalui individual 15 years ±9 months in pit 1.16. 15 cm
scale
2. Site and coast to north from Kafalui. (1) pit 1,
(WS) cliff side water seepages, (S) spring 6. Flat base of pit 2B with setting of pebbles and
flat stones, from above. 50 cm scale
3. Front and profile of picrolite figurine KMyl 106.
From Early Chalcolithic pit 16.01 Plate 4: Period 2 Buildings 152 and Period 3
4. Interiors of sherds with remains of red ochre Building 200
contents. From Early Chalcolithic pit 16.03 1. Building 152, general view, from north. 1 m
5. Hammerstone KMyl 217 retaining thick layer of scale
red ochre. From Early Chalcolithic pit 16.04 2. Building 152, stone setting 154 at terminal of
6. Combed sherd. From Early Chalcolithic pit bank 129, from north. 5 cm scale
2B.03 3. Building 200, detail of upper floor occupation
7. Interior view of stone bowl waster KMyl 199 material to east of entrance 212, from west. 1 m
showing unfinished work for spout. From Early scale
Chalcolithic pit 16.04 4. Building 200, detail of organic vessel 240 to
west of south entrance 189, from east. 1m scale
Plate 1: Wells of Period 1A and 1B
5. Building 200, south entrance 189 with in situ
1. Quarry area at north end of site showing Period
blocking and pivot stone, KMyl 1192, bottom
1A well 116 (left) and Period 1B well 133 by
right, from north. 10 cm scale
ladder on right
2. Bulldozed section through upper part of well 116 Plate 5: Period 3 Building 200
with fill partly in situ,from west. 1 m scale 1. Secondarily cut-down, Red Monochrome pot,
3. Excavated upper part of well 116 showing KMyl 2022, silicate-coated and embedded in
hand/footholds, from west. 1 m scale northern floor of Building 200, then incorporated
into plinth above (see Pl. 5.2). From south, 10
Plate 2: Features and skull of Period 1B
cm scale
1. Upper shaft of well 133 viewed from its base
2. Half-sectioned plinth 221 in north of Building
2. Detail of in situ position of skull 1 (KMyl 1181) 200, with top of incorporated pot KMyl 2022 at
from fill 260 of well 133 top left (see Pl. 5.1) and broken vessels in
3. Superior view of adult male calotte, skull 1 foreground. From south. Scale 10 cm
(KMyl 1181), demonstrating occipital deform- 3. Building 200, occupation I. General view from
ation east. 1 m scale
4. Cribra orbitalia of the left orbit of the adult male,
Plate 6: Groups of common ground stone objects
skull 1 (KMyl 1181)
from Period 1
5. Hearth 343 in Building 340, from south. 10 cm
1. Stone bowl fragments from well 133
scale
2. Hammerstones from well 133
6. Section of pit 338 and, upper left, Building 340
3. Pounders from well 133
from south. 1 m scale
4. Anvils of Period 1
Plate 3: General view of site and Period 2 pits 1, 2B
5. Cupped stones of Period 1
and 5
6. Grooved stones: top left KMyl 1323 (also,
1. General view of quarry area during excavation of
cupped stone), L 6.4; bottom left, KMyl 1691,
pit 16 with rocky headland of Kefalui, centre
L7.4; right, KMyl 1824, L 9.1 cm
right
2. Cleaned section of pit 5 in north-south track Plate 7: Ground stone objects of Period 1
through site. For location see Fig. 27. From west. 1. Grooved stone: KMyl 1103, Ht 4.1 cm
2mscales
2. Grooved stone/pounder, KMyl 1098, Ht 7.4 cm
ix