The Cold War Through Documents: A Global History

381 Pages·2017·2.775 MB·English

by  Edward H. Judge

T H E C O L D W A R
T H R O U G H D O C U M E N T S
A Global History
Third Edition
Edited by
Edward H. Judge
Le Moyne College
John W. Langdon
Le Moyne College
ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD
Lanham • Boulder • New York • London
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Assistant Editor: Rebeccah Shumaker
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Copyright © 2018 by Edward H. Judge and John W. Langdon
This book was previously published by Prentice Hall.
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Judge, Edward H., editor. | Langdon, John W., editor.
Title: The Cold War through documents : a global history / edited by Edward
H. Judge, Le Moyne College, John W. Langdon, Le Moyne College.
Description: Third edition. | Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, 2017. | Previous
edition entered under: Judge, Edward H. | Title of previous edition: The
Cold War : a global history with documents.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017033810 (print) | LCCN 2017039855 (ebook) | ISBN
9781538109274 (electronic) | ISBN 9781538109250 (cloth : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781538109267 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Cold War—Sources. | World politics—1945–1989—Sources. |
World politics—1985-1995—Sources.
Classification: LCC D839.3 (ebook) | LCC D839.3 .C65 2017 (print) | DDC
909.82/5—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017033810
™
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper
for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Printed in the United States of America
Contents
Part I: The Origins of the Cold War, 1945–1950
1 The Yalta Conference, February 1945 2
A. Declaration on Poland 3
B. Agreement Regarding Soviet Entry into the War against Japan 3
2 The Potsdam Conference, July–August 1945 5
Excerpts from the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference Report,
2 August 1945 6
3 The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima, August 1945 8
Statement by President Truman, 6 August 1945 9
4 Ho Chi Minh’s Declaration of Independence for Vietnam,
2 September 1945 11
Excerpts from Ho Chi Minh’s Speech Declaring Independence
for Vietnam, 2 September 1945 12
5 Stalin’s Election Speech, February 1946 14
Highlights of Stalin’s Election Speech, 9 February 1946 14
6 Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech, March 1946 16
A. Highlights of Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” Speech, 5 March 1946 17
B. Excerpts from Pravda’s Interview with Stalin, March 1946 20
— iii —
iv Contents
7 The Baruch and Gromyko Plans for Control of Atomic
Weapons, 1946 23
A. Speech by Bernard Baruch to the UN Atomic Energy
Commission, 14 June 1946 23
B. Draft International Agreement to Forbid the Production and
Use of Atomic Weapons, Proposed by Andrei Gromyko on
19 June 1946 26
8 The Truman Doctrine, 1947 27
President Truman’s Speech to the Nation, 12 March 1947 28
9 The Marshall Plan, 1947 30
Marshall’s Commencement Address at Harvard University,
5 June 1947 31
10 George F. Kennan, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,” 1947 33
The Sources of Soviet Conduct 34
11 The Rio Treaty, 1947 44
The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
(Rio Treaty), 2 September 1947 45
12 Zhdanov and the Cominform on the Imperialist and Anti-
Imperialist Camps, 1947 49
A. Zhdanov’s Report on the International Situation,
22 September 1947 50
B. Manifesto Proclaiming the Cominform, 5 October 1947 51
C. Resolution of the Conference of Communist Parties on
Establishing the Cominform, 5 October 1947 52
13 The Communist Coup in Czechoslovakia, February 1948 54
A. Letter from President Benes to the Czechoslovak
Communist Party Presidium, 24 February 1948 55
B. Reply by the Czechoslovak Communist Party Presidium to
the Letter of President Benes, 25 February 1948 56
14 The Treaty of Brussels, 1948 58
Excerpts from the Treaty of Brussels, 17 March 1948 58
15 The Expulsion of Tito from the Communist Bloc, 1948 60
Cominform Resolution on the Situation in Yugoslavia,
28 June 1948 61
16 The Berlin Blockade, 1948–1949 63
Note from Secretary of State Marshall to the Soviet Ambassador,
6 July 1948 64
Contents v
17 The NATO Alliance, 1949 66
The Treaty of Washington (North Atlantic Treaty), 4 April 1949 67
18 Acheson on the Communist Triumph in China, 1949 70
Secretary of State Acheson’s Letter of Transmittal for US
State Department “White Paper” on China, 30 July 1949 71
19 Mao Proclaims the People’s Republic of China, 1 October 1949 74
Mao’s Statement Proclaiming the People’s Republic of China,
1 October 1949 75
20 The Soviet-Chinese Friendship Treaty, February 1950 77
A. Communiqué Announcing the Soviet-Chinese Treaty,
14 February 1950 77
B. Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Aid between
the USSR and the Chinese People’s Republic 79
Part II: The Global Confrontation, 1950–1960
21 McCarthy on “Communists” in the US Government, 1950 82
Excerpts from a Speech by Senator McCarthy to the US
Senate, 20 February 1950 82
22 Acheson on the American Defense Perimeter in Asia, 1950 85
Excerpts from Acheson’s Speech to the National Press Club,
12 January 1950 85
23 NSC-68: American Cold War Strategy, 1950 87
Excerpts from NSC-68 (Report to the President, 7 April 1950) 88
24 The Korean War, 1950–1953 92
A. Statement by President Truman, 27 June 1950 93
B. Resolution of the United Nations Security Council,
27 June 1950 94
C. Telegram from Mao Zedong to Joseph Stalin on Sending
Chinese Troops into Korea, 2 October 1950 94
D. Telegram from Mao to Zhou Enlai in Moscow on Sending
Chinese Troops into Korea, 13 October 1950 96
E. Excerpts from the Panmunjom Armistice Agreement,
27 July 1953 96
25 Dulles on “Massive Retaliation,” 1954 99
Highlights of Dulles’s Speech to the Council on Foreign
Relations, 12 January 1954 100
vi Contents
26 The Geneva Accords Regarding Indochina, 1954 102
Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference, 21 July 1954 103
27 The SEATO Alliance, 1954 105
Highlights of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty,
8 September 1954 106
28 The Bandung Asian-African Conference, 1955 109
A. Excerpts from Speech by Indonesian President Sukarno
at the Opening of the Asian-African Conference in Bandung,
18 April 1955 109
B. Excerpts from Speech by India’s Prime Minister Nehru to
the Bandung Conference Political Committee, April 1955 111
C. Principles of the Bandung Conference’s “Declaration on the
Promotion of World Peace and Cooperation,” 24 April 1955 112
29 The Warsaw Pact, 1955 113
The Warsaw Security Pact, 14 May 1955 114
30 Khrushchev on Peaceful Coexistence, 1956 117
Excerpts from Khrushchev’s Report to the Twentieth Party
Congress, 14 February 1956 118
31 Khrushchev’s Secret Speech on Stalin and His Crimes, 1956 120
Highlights of Khrushchev’s Secret Speech to the Twentieth
Party Congress, 25 February 1956 120
32 The Hungarian Rebellion, 1956 124
A. Excerpts from Soviet Government Statement,
30 October 1956 125
B. Hungarian Appeals for Help, 4 November 1956 126
C. Excerpts from the Proclamation of a New Hungarian
Government, 4 November 1956 127
33 The Suez Crisis, 1956 129
A. Withdrawal of US Support for the Aswan Dam Project,
19 July 1956 130
B. President Nasser’s Speech Nationalizing the Suez Canal
Company, 26 July 1956 130
C. Excerpts from President Eisenhower’s Address,
31 October 1956 131
34 The Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957 133
A. Excerpts from Eisenhower’s Message to Congress on the
Middle East, 5 January 1957 134
Contents vii
B. Joint Congressional Resolution to Promote Peace and
Stability in the Middle East, Approved by the President
on 9 March 1957 134
35 Europe’s Common Market: The Treaty of Rome, 1957 136
Excerpts from the Treaty of Rome, 25 March 1957 137
36 China’s “Great Leap Forward,” 1958–1960 139
A. Liu Shaoqi on the Progress and Goals of the “Great Leap
Forward,” 1958 140
B. Excerpts from “Hold High the Red Flag of People’s
Communes,” 3 September 1958 141
37 Harold Macmillan’s “Wind of Change” Speech, 1960 143
Excerpts from the Speech of British Prime Minister Harold
Macmillan to the Parliament of the Union of South Africa,
3 February 1960 144
38 The U-2 Affair and Collapse of the Paris Summit, May 1960 146
A. Statement by US Department of State, 5 May 1960 147
B. Statement by US Department of State, 7 May 1960 147
C. Soviet Note on the U-2 Incident, 10 May 1960 148
D. Excerpts from Khrushchev’s Statement at Paris, 16 May 1960 149
E. Excerpts from Eisenhower’s Broadcast Address, 25 May 1960 150
39 The Congo Crisis, 1960 152
A. Telegram from President Kasa-Vubu and Prime Minister
Lumumba to Premier Khrushchev, 14 July 1960 154
B. Reply of Premier Khrushchev to President Kasa-Vubu and
Prime Minister Lumumba, 15 July 1960 154
C. Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba’s Address to the Chamber
of Deputies of the Congo, 15 July 1960 156
40 Castro on the Cuban Revolution, 1960 158
Excerpts from Castro’s Address to the UN General Assembly,
26 September 1960 159
Part III: Crisis and Conflict, 1961–1969
41 Khrushchev on “Wars of National Liberation,” January 1961 164
Excerpts from Address by Soviet Premier Khrushchev to a
Meeting of Communist Party Organizations in Moscow,
6 January 1961 164
42 Kwame Nkrumah on the Need for African Unity, 1961 166
Excerpt from Kwame Nkrumah, I Speak of Freedom: A
Statement of African Ideology, 1961 167
viii Contents
43 Eisenhower’s Farewell Address on the Military-Industrial
Complex, 17 January 1961 169
Excerpts from President Eisenhower’s Televised Speech,
17 January 1961 169
44 Kennedy’s Inaugural Address, 1961 172
Excerpts from Kennedy’s Inaugural Address, 20 January 1961 172
45 The Berlin Crisis, 1961 175
A. Kennedy’s Report to the Nation on Berlin, 25 July 1961 176
B. US Note Protesting Closure of East Berlin Border,
17 August 1961 177
C. Soviet Response to the US Protest, 18 August 1961 178
46 The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962 180
A. Highlights of Kennedy’s Address to the Nation and the
World, 22 October 1962 181
B. Excerpts from Khrushchev’s Message to Kennedy,
26 October 1962 182
C. Excerpts from Khrushchev’s Message to Kennedy,
27 October 1962 184
D. Excerpt from Kennedy’s Response to Khrushchev,
27 October 1962 185
47 Kennedy’s “Peace Speech” at American University, June 1963 186
Excerpts from Kennedy’s Commencement Address at
American University, 10 June 1963 187
48 Kennedy’s Berlin Speech, June 1963: “Ich Bin Ein Berliner” 189
Excerpts from Kennedy’s Speech in Berlin, 26 June 1963 190
49 The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, August 1963 192
Excerpts from the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty,
5 August 1963 192
50 The Sino-Soviet Split, 1960–1964 194
A. Excerpts from Chinese Publication “Long Live Leninism,”
April 1960 194
B. Excerpts from Khrushchev’s Closing Remarks at the 22nd
Party Congress, 27 October 1961 196
C. Excerpts from Open Letter of the Central Committee of the
Soviet Communist Party to All Soviet Communists, 14 July 1963 197
D. Excerpts from “On Khrushchev’s Phony Communism and
Its Historical Lessons for the World,” 1964 200
Contents ix
51 The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964 202
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 10 August 1964 203
52 Lin Biao, “Long Live the Victory of People’s War,” 1965 204
Excerpts from “Long Live the Victory of People’s War,”
3 September 1965 205
53 Lyndon Johnson and the Vietnam War, 1965–1968 206
A. Johnson’s Speech at Johns Hopkins University, 7 April 1965 207
B. Johnson’s Address to the Nation, 31 March 1968 208
54 China’s Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966–1969 210
A. Decision of the Central Committee of the Chinese
Communist Party Concerning the Great Proletarian
Cultural Revolution, 8 August 1966 210
B. Excerpts from the “Little Red Book,” Quotations from
Chairman Mao Tse-Tung 212
55 The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, July 1968 213
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,
1 July 1968 214
56 The Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia, August 1968 215
A. Statement of Czechoslovak Communist Party Presidium,
21 August 1968 216
B. Statement of Soviet News Agency (TASS), 21 August 1968 216
C. Excerpts from Zhou Enlai’s Speech at the Romanian Embassy,
23 August 1968 217
57 The Brezhnev Doctrine, 1968 219
A. Excerpt from “Sovereignty and the International
Obligations of Socialist Countries,” Pravda, 26 September 1968 219
B. Excerpt from Brezhnev’s Remarks to the Polish Party
Congress, 12 November 1968 220
58 The Soviet-Chinese Border Conflict, 1969 221
A. Note from the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs to
the Soviet Embassy in China, 2 March 1969 222
B. Statement by Soviet Government, 29 March 1969 222
59 The Nixon Doctrine, 1969 224
A. Excerpts from Nixon’s Remarks at Guam, 25 July 1969 225
B. Excerpts from Nixon’s Address to the Nation,
3 November 1969 226