Table Of Content

The Cold War The American History Series Abbott, Carl Urban America in the Modern Age: McCraw, Thomas K. American Business Since 1920 to the Present, 2d ed. 1920: How It Worked, 2d ed. Aldridge, Daniel W. Becoming American: The McMillen, Sally G. Southern Women: Black and African American Quest for Civil Rights, White in the Old South, 2d ed. 1861–1976 Neu, Charles E. America’s Lost War: Vietnam, Barkan, Elliott Robert And Still They Come: 1945–1975 Immigrants and American Society, 1920s to the Newmyer, R. Kent The Supreme Court under 1990s Marshall and Taney, 2d ed. Bartlett, Irving H. The American Mind in The Niven, John The Coming of the Civil War, Mid‐Nineteenth Century, 2d ed. 1837–1861 Beisner, Robert L. From the Old Diplomacy to O’Neill, William L. The New Left: A History the New, 1865–1900, 2d ed. Pastorello, Karen The Progressives: Activism Blaszczyk, Regina Lee American Consumer and Reform in American Society, 1893–1917 Society, 1865–2005: From Hearth to HDTV Perman, Michael Emancipation and Recon- Borden, Morton Parties and Politics in the struction, 2d ed. Early Republic, 1789–1815 Porter, Glenn The Rise of Big Business, 1860– Carpenter, Roger M. “Times Are Altered with 1920, 3d ed. Us”: American Indians from Contact to the Reichard, Gary W. Deadlock and Disillusionment: New Republic American Politics since 1968 Carter, Paul A. The Twenties in America, 2d ed. Reichard, Gary W. Politics as Usual: The Age of Cherny, Robert W. American Politics in The Truman and Eisenhower, 2d ed. Gilded Age, 1868–1900 Remini, Robert V. The Jacksonian Era, 2d ed. Conkin, Paul K. The New Deal, 3d ed. Riess, Steven A. Sport in Industrial America, Doenecke, Justus D., and John E. Wilz From 1850–1920, 2d ed. Isolation to War, 1931–1941, 4th ed. Simpson, Brooks D. America’s Civil War Ferling, John Struggle for a Continent: The Wars Southern, David W. The Progressive Era and of Early America Race: Reaction and Reform, 1900–1917 Ginzberg, Lori D. Women in Antebellum Reform Storch, Randi Working Hard for the American Griffin, C. S. The Ferment of Reform, 1830–1860 Dream: Workers and Their Unions, World War I Hess, Gary R. The United States at War, 1941– to the Present 1945, 3d ed. Turner, Elizabeth Hayes Women and Gender in Iverson, Peter, and Wade Davies “We Are Still the New South, 1865–1945 Here”: American Indians since 1890, 2d ed. Ubbelohde, Carl The American Colonies and the James, D. Clayton, and Anne Sharp Wells British Empire, 1607–1763, 2d ed. America and the Great War, 1914–1920 Weeks, Philip Farewell, My Nation: American Kraut, Alan M. The Huddled Masses: The Indians and the United States in the Nineteenth Immigrant in American Society, 1880–1921, Century, 3d ed. 2d ed. Wellock, Thomas R. Preserving the Nation: The Levering, Ralph B. The Cold War: A Post–Cold Conservation and Environmental Movements, War History, 3d ed. 1870–2000 Link, Arthur S. and Richard L. McCormick Winkler, Allan M. Home Front U.S.A.: America Progressivism during World War II, 3d ed. Martin, James Kirby, and Mark Edward Wright, Donald R. African Americans in the Lender “A Respectable Army”: The Military Colonial Era: From African Origins through Origins of the Republic, 1763–1789, 3d ed. the American Revolution, 3d ed. The Cold War A Post‐Cold War History Third Edition Ralph B. Levering This third edition first published 2016 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Edition History: Harlan Davidson, Inc (1e, 1994; 2e, 2005) Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148‐5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley‐blackwell. The right of Ralph B. Levering to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Levering, Ralph B. The Cold War: a post-Cold War history / Ralph B. Levering. – Third edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-84840-1 (paper) 1. United States–Foreign relations–1945–1989. 2. United States–Foreign relations–1989– 3. Cold War. 4. United States–Foreign relations–1933–1945. 5. World politics–1945–1989. I. Title. E840.L435 2016 327.73009′04–dc23 2015031832 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover image: Mikhail Gorbachev (L) and U.S. President Ronald Reagan at a summit meeting November 1985 in Geneva, Switzerland. Photo © Dirck Halstead / Getty Images. Set in 10/13pt Meridien by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 1 2016 To Patty Contents List of Illustrations ix Preface and Acknowledgments xii Prologue: Uneasy Allies, 1941–1945 1 1 Downward Spiral during the Truman–Stalin Years, 1945–1953 19 Issues in the Emerging Cold War 20 Images and Domestic Politics Harm Relations 28 Counterparts: George Kennan and Nikolai Novikov 30 Containment and Countercontainment, 1947–1949 34 The Most Dangerous Phase, 1950–1952 42 Conclusion 55 2 The Institutionalized Cold War, 1953–1962 58 The Cold War at Home 62 A Modest Improvement in East–West Relations, 1953–1955 70 The Second Dangerous Phase, 1956–1962 78 Counterparts: J. William Fulbright and Barry Goldwater 92 Showdown: The Cuban Missile Crisis 100 Conclusion 107 vii Contents 3 The Shift toward Relative Détente, 1963–1972 111 An Improved Atmosphere in 1963 113 Vietnam at Center Stage, 1964–1968 118 Toward a New Balance of Power, 1969–1972 131 Counterparts: Daniel Ellsberg and Henry Kissinger 140 Conclusion 151 4 The Roller‐Coaster Years, 1973–1984 154 Détente Bogs Down, 1973–1976 157 Carter Rides the Roller Coaster, 1977–1980 174 Reagan Challenges the Cold War Status Quo, 1981–1984 188 Counterparts: Jeane Kirkpatrick and Christopher Dodd 202 Seeking Improved US–Soviet Relations, 1983–1984 207 Conclusion 210 Epilogue: The Cold War Ends, 1985–1991 214 Counterparts: Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan 222 Bibliographical Essay 230 Index 251 Photo Essay: The Cold War at Midpassage, 1957–1973 110 Maps Map 1.1 Map of Korea 51 Map 2.1 Map of Israel 83 Map 3.1 Map of Vietnam 123 Map 4.1 Map of the Horn of Africa 179 Map 4.2 Map of Central America 200 viii