The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition

505 Pages·2002·6.47 MB·English

by  Marc Bekoff

THE COGNITIVE ANIMAL
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THE COGNITIVE ANIMAL
Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition
edited by
Marc Beko¤, Colin Allen, and Gordon M. Burghardt
ABradfordBook
TheMITPress
Cambridge,Massachusetts
London,England
(2002MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanyelectronicormechanicalmeans
(includingphotocopying,recording,orinformationstorageandretrieval)withoutpermissioninwritingfromthe
publisher.
ThisbookwassetinTimesNewRomanon3B2byAscoTypesetters,HongKong.PrintedandboundintheUnited
StatesofAmerica.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Thecognitiveanimal:empiricalandtheoreticalperspectivesonanimalcognition/
editedbyMarcBeko¤,ColinAllen,andGordonM.Burghardt.
p. cm.
‘‘ABradfordbook.’’
Includesbibliographicalreferences.
ISBN0-262-02514-0(hc.:alk.paper)—ISBN0-262-52322-1(pbk.:alk.paper)
1.Cognitioninanimals. I.Beko¤,Marc. II.Allen,Colin. III.Burghardt,GordonM.,
1941–
QL785.C4852002
591.5013—dc21
2001057965
Contents
Introduction ix 11 LearningandMemoryWithouta
Contributors xvii Brain 77
JamesW.Grau
I THE DIVERSITY OF
12 CognitiveModulationofSexual
COGNITION 1
Behavior 89
MichaelDomjan
1 TheInnerLifeofEarthworms:
Darwin’sArgumentandIts 13 CognitionandEmotioninConcert
Implications 3 inHumanandNonhumanAnimals 97
EileenCrist RuudvandenBos,BartB.Houx,
andBerryM.Spruijt
2 Crotalomorphism:AMetaphorfor
UnderstandingAnthropomorphism 14 ConstructingAnimalCognition 105
byOmission 9 WilliamTimberlake
Jesu´sRivasandGordonM.
15 Genetics,Plasticity,andthe
Burghardt
EvolutionofCognitiveProcesses 115
3 TheCognitiveDefender:How GordonM.Burghardt
GroundSquirrelsAssessTheir
16 SpatialBehavior,FoodStoring,and
Predators 19
theModularMind 123
DonaldH.Owings
SaraJ.Shettleworth
4 JumpingSpiderTricksters:Deceit,
17 SpatialandSocialCognitionin
Predation,andCognition 27
Corvids:AnEvolutionaryApproach 129
StimWilcoxandRobertJackson
RussellP.BaldaandAlanC.
5 TheUngulateMind 35 Kamil
JohnA.Byers
18 EnvironmentalComplexity,Signal
6 CanHoneyBeesCreateCognitive Detection,andtheEvolutionof
Maps? 41 Cognition 135
JamesL.Gould PeterGodfrey-Smith
7 RavenConsciousness 47 19 CognitionasanIndependent
BerndHeinrich Variable:VirtualEcology 143
AlanC.KamilandAlanB.Bond
8 AnimalMinds,HumanMinds 53
EricSaidel 20 SyntheticEthology:ANewToolfor
InvestigatingAnimalCognition 151
9 ComparativeDevelopmental
BruceMacLennan
EvolutionaryPsychologyand
CognitiveEthology:Contrastingbut 21 FromCognitioninAnimalsto
CompatibleResearchPrograms 59 CognitioninSuperorganisms 157
SueTaylorParker CharlesE.Taylor
10 CognitiveEthologyattheEndof 22 ConsortTurnoversasDistributed
Neuroscience 69 CognitioninOliveBaboons:A
DaleJamieson SystemsApproachtoMind 163
DeborahForster
Contents vi
II CONCEPTS AND CATEGORIES 173 33 MeaningfulAcousticUnitsin
NonhumanPrimateVocalBehavior 265
23 GeneralSigns 175 CoryT.MillerandAsifA.
EdwardA.Wasserman Ghazanfar
24 TheCognitiveDolphin 183 34 ExploringtheCognitiveWorldof
HerbertL.Roitblat theBottlenosedDolphin 275
LouisM.Herman
25 ChimpanzeeAiandHerSon
Ayumu:AnEpisodeofEducationby 35 ChimpanzeeSigning:Darwinian
Master-Apprenticeship 189 RealitiesandCartesianDelusions 285
TetsuroMatsuzawa RogerS.Fouts,MaryLeeA.
Jensvold,andDeborahH.Fouts
26 TheEvolutionandOntogenyof
OrdinalNumericalAbility 197 36 PrimateVocalandGestural
ElizabethM.BrannonandHerbert Communication 293
S.Terrace MichaelTomaselloandKlaus
Zuberbu¨hler
27 Domain-SpecificKnowledgein
HumanChildrenandNonhuman 37 GesturalCommunicationinOlive
Primates:ArtifactsandFoods 205 BaboonsandDomesticDogs 301
LaurieR.Santos,MarcD.Hauser, BarbaraSmuts
andElizabethS.Spelke
38 AnimalVocalCommunication:Say
28 TheCognitiveSeaLion:Meaning What? 307
andMemoryintheLaboratoryand DrewRendallandMichaelJ.
inNature 217 Owren
RonaldJ.Schusterman,Colleen
39 CrackingtheCode:Communication
ReichmuthKastak,andDavid
andCognitioninBirds 315
Kastak
ChristopherS.Evans
29 Same-Di¤erentConceptFormation
inPigeons 229 IV SELF AND OTHER: THE
RobertG.Cook EVOLUTION OF COGNITIVE
COOPERATORS 323
30 CategorizationandConceptual
BehaviorinNonhumanPrimates 239
40 TheMirrorTest 325
JacquesVauclair
GordonG.Gallup,Jr.,JamesR.
31 CognitiveandCommunicative Anderson,andDanielJ.Shillito
AbilitiesofGreyParrots 247
41 WhenTraditionalMethodologies
IreneMaxinePepperberg
Fail:CognitiveStudiesofGreat
Apes 335
III COMMUNICATION,
RobertW.ShumakerandKarylB.
LANGUAGE, AND MEANING 255
Swartz
32 CognitionandCommunicationin 42 Kinesthetic-VisualMatching,
PrairieDogs 257 Imitation,andSelf-Recognition 345
C.N.Slobodchiko¤ RobertW.Mitchell
Contents vii
43 Darwin’sContinuumandthe 53 TheEvolutionofSocialPlay:
BuildingBlocksofDeception 353 InterdisciplinaryAnalysesof
Gu¨venGu¨zeldere,EddyNahmias, CognitiveProcesses 429
andRobertO.Deaner MarcBeko¤andColinAllen
44 IntegratingTwoEvolutionary 54 TheMoralsofAnimalMinds 437
ModelsfortheStudyofSocial LoriGruen
Cognition 363
55 EyeGazeInformation-Processing
BrianHareandRichard
Theory:ACaseStudyinPrimate
Wrangham
CognitiveNeuroethology 443
45 FieldStudiesofSocialCognitionin BrianL.Keeley
SpottedHyenas 371
56 TheEyes,theHand,andtheMind:
KayE.HolekampandAnneL.
BehavioralandNeurophysiological
Engh
AspectsofSocialCognition 451
46 TheStructureofSocialKnowledge VittorioGallese,PierFrancesco
inMonkeys 379 Ferrari,EvelyneKohler,and
RobertM.SeyfarthandDorothy LeonardoFogassi
L.Cheney
57 VigilanceandPerceptionofSocial
47 FromtheFieldtotheLaboratory Stimuli:ViewsfromEthologyand
andBackAgain:Cultureand SocialNeuroscience 463
‘‘SocialMind’’inPrimates 385 AdrianTrevesandDiegoPizzagalli
AndrewWhiten
Afterword:WhatIsItLike? 471
48 EvolutionaryPsychologyand
DonaldR.Gri‰n
PrimateCognition 393
RichardW.Byrne
Index 475
49 HowSmartDoesaHunterNeedto
Be? 399
CraigB.Stanford
50 InsightfromCapuchinMonkey
Studies:Ingredientsof,Recipesfor,
andFlawsinCapuchins’Success 405
ElisabettaVisalberghi
51 ACognitiveApproachtotheStudy
ofAnimalCooperation 413
LeeAlanDugatkinandMichaelS.
Alfieri
52 KeepinginTouch:PlayFighting
andSocialKnowledge 421
SergioM.Pellis
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Introduction
There are as many approaches to studying ani- andThe Expression of theEmotions in Man and
mal cognition as there are definitions of cogni- Animals (1872). Consequently, both disciplines
tionitself.Thisdiversityisreflectedintheessays are almost inextricably linked to the concept of
that follow, to a degree that we believe is un- instinct. Darwin viewed instinct primarily in be-
paralleled in any other volume that has been havioral terms and considered his ability to ex-
produced onthissubject. This diversity is philo- plaininstinctthroughnaturalselectiontobeone
sophical and methodological, with contributors ofthe mostcritical tests ofhistheories. Thus he
demonstrating various degrees of acceptance or compared closely related species of bees to ex-
disdain for terms such as ‘‘consciousness’’ and plain the evolution of hive building and closely
various degrees of concern for the rigors of lab- related species of ants to explain the origins of
oratory experimentation versus the validity of slave making. He also focused on domesti-
naturalisticresearch.Thediversityisalsoappar- cated species to show how human intervention
ent in the wide range of species to be found be- and selection could have formed variants. His
tween these covers. Of course there are many prime examples here were di¤erent breeds of
chapters on primates, and especially the great dogsandpigeons.Soon,zoologistssuchasC.O.
apes, reflecting our human-centered interest in Whitman,E.C.Poulton,OskarHeinroth,Julian
our closest relatives, but there are also chapters Huxley, and others began to exploit the com-
that touch on cognition in animals as diverse as parative method to trace the evolution of even
earthworms, antelopes, dogs, spiders, dolphins, the most complex social displays of animals.
bees,fish,hyenas,snakes,sealions,prairiedogs, This work inspired the development of ethology
virtual organisms, parrots, rats, ravens, and primarily through the research and promotional
squirrels, to name but a few. We think we have e¤orts of the Nobel laureates Konrad Lorenz
produced one of the most wide-ranging menag- andNikoTinbergen.
eriesofscientificstudiesofanimalcognitionever Although when the Origin appeared in 1859
assembled. Yet it is humbling to realize that in Darwin deliberately discussed neither the evolu-
terms of the diversity of life itself we cannot tion nor the behavior of human beings, he did,
claimtohaveevenscratchedthesurface. neartheveryendofthebook,includethisintri-
One of our objectives in bringing such a di- guingpassage:
versecollection ofresearchstudiestogetheristo
InthedistantfutureIseeopenfieldsforfarmoreim-
show that whatever the ideological di¤erences,
portantresearches.Psychologywillbebasedonanew
behavioristicpsychologistsandcognitiveetholo-
foundation,thatofthenecessaryacquirementofeach
gists have a lot to learn from each other and
mentalpowerandcapacitybygradation.Lightwillbe
fromtheneurosciences.Yestherearedi¤erences
thrownontheoriginofmanandhishistory.(Darwin
ofopinionabouthowtopursuethestudyofan- 1859,p.488)
imal cognition, but all sides stand to gain from
listening carefullytotheconcerns ofothers.De- Note that this passage considers the psychologi-
spite the di¤erences, there is in fact a great deal calaspectsofevolutionasfarmoreimportant,in
ofsimilarityamongthedi¤erentapproaches,for the long run, than the morphological and taxo-
theyhave,afterall,evolvedfromthesamestart- nomicissuestowhichtheOriginwaslargelyde-
ing point in the theory of evolution by natural voted. Most biologists have ignored the clear
selection. evidence, found in Darwin’s early notebooks,
The roots of both comparative ethology and that while Darwin may have loved natural his-
comparative psychology are found in the writ- tory, his ultimate agenda was to explain the
ings of Charles Darwin, particularly in the Ori- origin of perhaps the strangest species of all,
ginofSpecies(1859),TheDescentofMan(1871), ourselves. Thus, in his later writings Darwin