The Close of the Middle Ages 12721494 by R Lodge

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Title: The Close of the Middle Ages, 1272-1494, 3rd Ed.

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PERIODS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY
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THE CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGES, 1273-1494
By R. LODGE, M.A., Professor of History at the University of Edinburgh.
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THE CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGES

1272-1494

BY

R. LODGE, M.A.

PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH

PERIOD III

RIVINGTONS

34 KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN

LONDON

1906

Third Edition. Fourth Impression

All Rights Reserved

PREFACE

The period treated in this volume is one of unique interest and significance in the history of Europe. Within these two
centuries the political and social conditions of the so-called Middle Ages came to an end, and the states system of Modern
Europe took its rise. But the importance of the period is more than equalled by the almost superhuman difficulty of
narrating its events in anything like orderly and intelligible sequence. Such unity as had been given to Western Europe by
the mediæval Empire and Papacy disappeared with the Great Interregnum in the middle of the thirteenth century; and such
unity as was afterwards supplied by the growth of formal international relations cannot be said to begin before the invasion
of Naples by Charles VIII. of France at the end of the fifteenth century. In the interval between these two dates there is
apparent chaos, and only the closest attention can detect the germs of future order in the midst of the struggle of dying and
nascent forces. It is easy to find evidence of astounding intellectual activity and instances of brilliant political and military
achievement, but the dominant characteristic of the age is its diversity, and it is hard to find any principle of co-ordination.
A cursory glance over some of the most striking episodes of the period will serve to illustrate the multiplicity of its interests.
The hundred years’ war between England and France; the rise and fall of the House of Burgundy; the struggle of old and
new conceptions of ecclesiastical polity in the Papal schism, in the Councils of Constance and Basel, and in the Hussite
movement; the marvellous achievements of the republic of Venice, and of Florence under both republican and Medicean
rule; the revival of art and letters, not only in one or two great centres, but in numerous petty states which would otherwise
be wholly obscure; the growth and decline of unique corporations, such as the Hanseatic League and the Teutonic Order;
the extension and gradual union of the Christian states of Spain at the expense of Mohammedanism, and at the same time
the gloomy story of the conquest of the Eastern Empire by the Turks;—all these episodes might well be treated in a volume
apiece, but it is difficult to arrange them within the compass of a book which should deal with the general development of
Europe. No doubt it may be held that some of these events are of more permanent importance than others, and that the
essential fact to grasp in the period is the rise of great and coherent states like France, Spain, and England. But it is equally
true that the important events are unintelligible without some knowledge of the less important events with which they are
connected; that in this period Germany and Italy are more prominent than Spain and England, or even than France; and
that Germany and Italy are not coherent states at all. The former is a bundle of states, and the latter can hardly be said to
be as much. And it may be urged with some force that German history in the fourteenth century cannot be studied without
some attention being paid to Poland, Hungary, and Denmark; that the history of Venice and Florence cannot be isolated
from that of Genoa and Pisa; and that even in tracing the growth of states which achieved some measure of unity it is
necessary to note the absorption of the formerly distinct and independent provinces.
I have stated the difficulty, which is indeed sufficiently obvious, but I cannot claim to have found a thoroughly satisfactory
solution. My endeavour has been to make the narrative as clear and intelligible as the conflicting needs of conciseness and
of frequent transitions will admit. I may perhaps point out to my readers that in an age in which dynastic interests and
claims become of greater and greater importance, in which royal marriages are a prominent factor in international politics
and vitally affect the growth of the greatest states, a careful study of genealogy is imperatively necessary. This will explain
and justify the insertion of a number of genealogical tables in the Appendix, which the student of the period may find not
the least useful part of the volume.
R. Lodge.
Edinburgh, April 1901.

v

vi

vii

CONTENTS

Bibliographical Note
x

Chronological Table
xii

I. Germany and the Empire after the Interregnum, 1273-1313
1

II. Italy and the Papacy, 1273-1313
20

III. France under the later Capets, 1270-1328
43

IV. France under the early Valois, 1328-1380
66

V. Lewis the Bavarian and the Avignon Popes, 1314-1347
98

VI. Charles IV. and the Golden Bull
109

VII. Rise of the Swiss Confederation
124

VIII. Italy in the Fourteenth Century, 1313-1402
139

IX. The Schisms in the Papacy and Empire, 1378-1414
182

X. The Hussite Movement and the Council of Constance, 1409-1418
206

XI. The Hussite Wars and the Council of Basel, 1419-1449
222

XII. Milan and Venice in the Fifteenth Century, 1402-1494
243

XIII. Naples and the Papal States in the Fifteenth Century
265

XIV. Florence under the Medici
288

XV. Burgundians and Armagnacs in France, 1380-1435
315

XVI. Revival of the French Monarchy, 1435-1494
349

XVII. Germany and the Hapsburg Emperors, 1437-1493
394

XVIII. The Hanseatic League and the Scandinavian Kingdom
419

XIX. The Teutonic Order and Poland
451

XX. The Christian States of Spain
468

XXI. The Greek Empire and the Ottoman Turks
494

XXII. The Renaissance in Italy
515

Appendix—Genealogical Tables—

A—The Succession in Bohemia
535

B—The Succession in Tyrol
535

viii

ix

C—The House of Hapsburg
536

D—The House of Wittelsbach
537

E—The House of Luxemburg
538

F—The Later Capets in France
539

G—The House of Valois
540

H—The Duchy and County of Burgundy
541

I—The First House of Anjou in Naples and Hungary
542

K—The Second House of Anjou in Naples
543

L—The House of Aragon in Sicily and Naples
544

M—The Houses of Visconti and Sforza in Milan
545

N—The Medici in Florence
546

O—The Union of Kalmar
546

P—The Palæologi
547

Q—Castile
548

R—Aragon
549

S—Navarre
550

T—Some European Connections of the House of Portugal
551

Index
553

LIST OF MAPS

At end of Book
1. France, to show the Additionst to the Monarchy between 1273 and 1494.
2. Possessions and Claims of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 1467-1477.
3. Italy in the Fifteenth Century.
4. The Swiss Confederation.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

[The following list has no pretensions to be an exhaustive bibliography of the period, nor does it profess to include all the
authorities consulted by the author. It is merely compiled with the object of offering suggestions to any student who wishes
to read more widely, either on the whole period, or on any part of it. Those books which cannot be classed under any of
the great European states are placed under the head of ‘General.’]

General—

Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Générale du IVe. Siècle à nos jours, Tome III.
Creighton, History of the Papacy during the Reformation, Vols. I.-III.
Froissart, Chroniques. [A popular and useful selection from the translation of Lord Berners has been published by
Messrs. Macmillan and Co. in the ‘Globe’ Series. The most complete edition is that by Kervyn de Lettenhove.]
Leroux, Recherches Critiques sur les relations politiques de la France avec l’Allemagne.
Fournier, Le Royaume d`Arles.
Oman, History of War in the Middle Ages.
H. C. Lea, History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages.
R. L. Poole, Illustrations of Medieval Thought.

Germany—

Nitzsch, Geschichte des Deutschen Volkes.
Lorenz, Deutsche Geschichte im 13-14 Jahrhunderte.
Zeller, Histoire de l’Allemagne.
Droysen, Geschichte der preussischen Politik, Vols. I. and II.
Dierauer, Geschichte der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft.
Palacky, Geschichte von Böhmen.
Loserth, Hus und Wiclif (translated).
Sartorius, Geschichte des Ursprunges der Deutschen Hanse.
Schäfer, die Hansestädte und König Waldemar von Dänemark.
Treitschke, Das Deutsche Ordensland Preussen, Historische und politische Aufsätze, Vol. II.

Italy—

Villani, Croniche.
Sismondi, Histoire des Républiques italiennes du moyen âge.
Cipolla, Storia delle Signorie Italiane, dal 1313 al 1530.
Gregorovius, Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter (translated).
Romanin, Storia documentata di Venezia.
H. F. Brown, Venice, an Historical Sketch.
Machiavelli, Storia Fiorentina.
Perrens, Histoire de Florence.
Guido Capponi, Storia della republica di Firenze.
Napier, Florentine History.
Villari, Machiavelli (translated), Vol. I.
Von Reumont, Lorenzo de’ Medici (translated).
Armstrong, Lorenzo de’ Medici.
J. A. Symonds, Renaissance in Italy.

France and the Netherlands—

x

xi

Martin, Histoire de France.
Michelet, Histoire de France.
Langlois, Le règne de Philippe le Hardi.
Boutaric, La France sous Philippe le Bel.
Perrens, Étienne Marcel.
S. Luce, Histoire de la Jacquerie.
Vanderkindere, Le siècle des Arteveldes.
Vallet de Viriville, Histoire de Charles VII.
Beaucourt, Histoire de Charles VII.
Cosneau, Le Connétable de Richemont.
P. Clément, Jacques Cœur et Charles VII.
Philippe de Commines, Mémoires.
Barante, Histoire des Ducs de Bourgogne.
Kirk, History of Charles the Bold.
Clamageran, Histoire de l’Impôt en France.
Gasquet, Précis des Institutions Politiques et Sociales de l’ancienne France.

Spain—

Lafuente, Historia general de España.
Burke, History of Spain, 2 vols.
Schäfer und Schirrmacher, Geschichte von Spanien.
Prescott, Ferdinand and Isabella.

Fall of the Greek Empire—

Gibbon, Decline and Fall.
Finlay, Byzantine and Greek Empires
La Jonquière, Histoire de l’Empire Ottoman.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

[This table has been drawn up in order to bring together in their chronological sequence those events in different parts of
Europe which are necessarily treated in the text under the head of different states. The chief events in English History are
inserted to serve as guide-posts, even though in some cases no direct reference may be made to them in the following
pages.]

1273. Election of Rudolf of Hapsburg as King of the Romans. Crowned at Aachen, October 24
8

1274. Death of Henry, King of Navarre and Count of Champagne and Brie. Philip III. of France
annexes Champagne and Brie, and assumes the government of Navarre

48

1276. First war between Rudolf I. and Ottokar of Bohemia
9

“ Death of Pope Gregory X.
27

“ Death of James I. (the Conqueror) of Aragon. Accession of Peter III.
479

1277. Election of Pope Nicolas III.
27

“ Archbishop Otto Visconti obtains the lordship of Milan
36

1278. Ottokar of Bohemia killed in the battle of Marchfeld (August 26). Accession of Wenzel II.
10

1280. The Teutonic Knights complete the conquest of Prussia
456

“ Death of Pope Nicolas III.
27

1281. Election of Pope Martin IV.
28

1282. The Sicilian Vespers (March 30) lead to the transfer of Sicily from the house of Anjou to
Peter III. of Aragon

25

“ Constitutional changes in Florence
32

“ Austria, Styria, and Carniola acquired by house of Hapsburg, and Carinthia given to Meinhard
of Tyrol

10

“ Death of the Greek Emperor Michael VIII., and accession of Andronicus II.
497

“ Edward I. of England conquers Wales
155

1283. Peter III. of Aragon issues the ‘General Privilege’
481

1284. Battle of Meloria. The Pisans, defeated by the Genoese, lose their maritime importance
31

“ Death of Alfonso X. (the Wise) of Castile. Accession of Sancho IV.
48, 470

“ Charles of Valois accepts the crown of Aragon from the Pope. War between France and
Aragon

49

1285. Death of Charles I., King of Naples (January 7). Accession of Charles II.
25

“ Death of Pope Martin IV. (March 12). Election of Honorius IV.
28

xii

xiii

“ Death of Philip III. of France (October 5). Accession of Philip IV.
49

“ Death of Peter III. of Aragon (November 11). Accession of Alfonso III. in Aragon and of James
in Sicily

25, 480

1286. Accession of Eric Menved in Denmark
430

“ Death of Alexander III. of Scotland
157

1287. Alfonso III. of Aragon issues the ‘Privilege of Union’
481

1288. Death of Pope Honorius IV. Election of Nicolas IV.
28

1291. Death of Rudolf I. (July 15)
11

“ Formation of League between Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden (origin of Swiss Confederation)
127

“ Fall of Acre puts an end to Christian dominion in the East
456

“ Death of Alfonso III. of Aragon. Succeeded by his brother, James II.
26, 480

1292. Election of Adolf of Nassau as King of the Romans (May 5)
11

“ Death of Nicolas IV., followed by two years’ interregnum in the Papacy
28

“ Edward I. awards the Scottish crown to John Balliol
157

1293. ‘Ordinances of Justice’ in Florence
32

1294. Election of Pope Celestine IV.
28

“ Abdication of Celestine. Election of Boniface VIII.
28

“ Outbreak of war between England and France
51

1295. John Balliol joins France against Edward I.
52

“ Death of Archbishop Otto Visconti. Succeeded by his nephew Matteo
36

“ Death of Sancho IV. of Castile. Accession of Ferdinand IV.
470

1296. Edward I. deposes John Balliol and conquers Scotland
52

“ Boniface VIII. issues the bull Clericis laicos
29, 52

1297. Rising in Scotland under Wallace
160

“ Closing of the Great Council in Venice
38

1298. Peace between England and France negotiated by Boniface VIII.
52

1298. Death of Adolf of Nassau. Election of Albert I.
13

xiv

1302. Settlement of the long Sicilian wars. Frederick, brother of James II. of Aragon, recognised
as King of Sicily

26

“ Defeat of French army by the Flemings at Courtrai (July 11)
53

“ First meeting of the States-General in France
60

“ Matteo Visconti driven from Milan
36

1303. Outrage at Anagni, and death of Boniface VIII.
29

“ Andronicus II. invites the ‘Grand Company of the Catalans’ into Greece
497

1304. Election (February 25) and death (July 27) of Benedict XI.
29

1305. Election of Clement VII., who remains in France
30

“ Death of Wenzel II. of Bohemia. Election of Wenzel III.
15

1306. Death of Wenzel III. of Bohemia. Albert I. procures the crown for his son Rudolf
15

1307. Death of Rudolf of Bohemia. Accession of Henry of Carinthia
16

“ Break-up of Seljuk Empire on death of Aladdin III.
299

1308. Murder of Albert I. Election of Henry VII. (of Luxemburg)
17

1309. Charles Robert, grandson of Charles II. of Naples, recognised as King of Hungary
15

“ Headquarters of the Teutonic Order transferred from Venice to Marienburg
457

“ Clement V. fixes his residence in Avignon
30

“ Death of Charles II. of Naples. Accession of Robert
26

1310. Origin of the Council of Ten in Venice
39

“ Henry VII. sets out on an expedition to Italy
17, 39

“ Henry of Carinthia driven from Bohemia, and the crown given to Henry VII.’s son John
18

1311. Henry VII. restores Matteo Visconti in Milan, and appoints him imperial vicar
40

“ The Teutonic Knights acquire Pomerellen
458

1312. Suppression of the Templars
55

“ Annexation of Lyons by Philip IV. of France
56

“ Henry VII. crowned Emperor in St. John Lateran
41

“ Death of Ferdinand IV. of Castile. Accession of Alfonso XI.
470

1313. Death of Henry VII. near Siena
18, 42