The City in South Asia PDF
Preview The City in South Asia
The City in South Asia Themacro-regionofSouthAsia–includingBangladesh,India,Nepal,Pakistan, andSriLanka–todaysupportsoneoftheworld’sgreatestconcentrationsofcities, butasJamesHeitzmanarguesinthefirstcomprehensivetreatmentofurbanSouth Asiaspanning50centuries,thishasbeenthecaseforatleast5,000years. ThebookbeginswiththeoriginsoftheHarappanor‘IndusValley’Civilization and moves through a discussion of the ‘second’ urbanization beginning in the Ganga River basin before exploring the colonial city until 1947, the post- Independencecityandtheexplosivegrowthoftoday. Fourthemesrunthroughtheentirework:theeconomicbasesofurbanization, the built environment, the fabric of daily life, and multi-city networks. With case studies in each chapter focusing on specific cities and numerous maps, photographs,andtables,thisbookprovidesthebasisforadetailedunderstanding ofdozensofsitesaswellasregionalgrowthprocessesextendingovercenturies. Withastrongemphasisontheproductionofspaceandperiodicexcursionsinto literature, art and architecture, religion and public culture, this interdisciplinary studyisavaluabletextforstudentsandscholarsinterestedincomparativehistory, urbanstudies,andthesocialsciences. JamesHeitzmanistheauthorofGiftsofPower:LordshipinanEarlyIndianState and NetworkCity:PlanningtheInformationSocietyinBangalore.Hecurrently divides his time between Davis, California and Bangalore, India, where he is co-founderofNagara,atrustdevotedtourbanaffairs. Asia’sTransformations EditedbyMarkSelden BinghamtonandCornellUniversities,USA Thebooksinthisseriesexplorethepolitical,social,economicandculturalconsequencesofAsia’s transformations in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The series emphasizes the tumultuous interplayoflocal,national,regionalandglobalforcesasAsiabidstobecomethehuboftheworld economy.Whilefocusingonthecontemporary,italsolooksbacktoanalysetheantecedentsofAsia’s contestedrise. Thisseriescomprisesseveralstrands: Asia’s Transformations aims to address the needs of students and teachers, and the titles will be publishedinhardbackandpaperback.Titlesinclude: DebatingHumanRights TheResurgenceofEastAsia CriticalessaysfromtheUnitedStatesandAsia 500,150and50Yearperspectives EditedbyPeterVanNess EditedbyGiovanniArrighi,TakeshiHamashita andMarkSelden HongKong’sHistory Stateandsocietyundercolonialrule ChineseSociety,secondedition EditedbyTak-WingNgo Change,conflictandresistance EditedbyElizabethJ.PerryandMarkSelden Japan’sComfortWomen SexualslaveryandprostitutionduringWorld EthnicityinAsia WarIIandtheUSoccupation EditedbyColinMackerras YukiTanaka TheBattleforAsia Opium,EmpireandtheGlobal Fromdecolonizationtoglobalization PoliticalEconomy MarkT.Berger CarlA.Trocki StateandSocietyin21stCenturyChina EditedbyPeterHaysGriesandStanleyRosen ChineseSociety Change,conflictandresistance Japan’sQuietTransformation EditedbyElizabethJ.Perryand Socialchangeandcivilsocietyinthe21stcentury MarkSelden JeffKingston Mao’sChildrenintheNewChina ConfrontingtheBushDoctrine VoicesfromtheRedGuardgeneration CriticalviewsfromtheAsia-Pacific YarongJiangandDavidAshley EditedbyMelGurtovandPeterVanNess RemakingtheChineseState ChinainWarandRevolution,1895–1949 Strategies,societyandsecurity PeterZarrow EditedbyChien-minChaoand TheFutureofUS–KoreanRelations BruceJ.Dickson Theimbalanceofpower KoreanSociety EditedbyJohnFeffer Civilsociety,democracyandthestate WorkinginChina EditedbyCharlesK.Armstrong Ethnographiesoflaborandworkplace TheMakingofModernKorea transformations AdrianBuzo EditedbyChingKwanLee KoreanSociety,secondedition Pan-AsianisminModernJapaneseHistory Civilsociety,democracyandthestate Colonialism,regionalismandborders EditedbyCharlesK.Armstrong EditedbySvenSaalerandJ.VictorKoschmann Singapore TheMakingofModernKorea.,2ndEdition Thestateandthecultureofexcess AdrianBuzo SouchouYao Asia’sGreatCities Each volume aims to capture the heartbeat of the contemporary city from multiple perspectives emblematicoftheauthorsowndeepfamiliaritywiththedistinctivefacesofthecity,itshistory,society, culture,politicsandeconomics,anditsevolvingpositioninnational,regionalandglobalframeworks. WhilemostvolumesemphasizeurbandevelopmentssincetheSecondWorldWar,somepayclose attentiontothelegacyofthelongueduréeinshapingthecontemporary.Thematicandcomparative volumesaddresssuchthemesasurbanization,economicandfinanciallinkages,architectureandspace, wealthandpower,genderedrelationships,planningandanarchy,andethnographiesinnationaland regionalperspective.Titlesinclude: Bangkok RepresentingCalcutta Place,practiceandrepresentation Modernity,nationalismandthecolonialuncanny MarcAskew SwatiChattopadhyay BeijingintheModernWorld Singapore DavidStrandandMadelineYueDong Wealth,powerandthecultureofcontrol CarlA.Trocki Shanghai Globalcity TheCityinSouthAsia JeffWasserstrom JamesHeitzman HongKong Globalcity StephenChiuandTai-LokLui Asia.com is a series which focuses on the ways in which new information and communication technologiesareinfluencingpolitics,societyandcultureinAsia.Titlesinclude: JapaneseCybercultures TheInternetinIndonesia’sNewDemocracy EditedbyMarkMcLellandand DavidT.Hill&KrishnaSen NanetteGottlieb ChineseCyberspaces Asia.com Technologicalchangesandpoliticaleffects AsiaencounterstheInternet EditedbyJensDammandSimonaThomas EditedbyK.C.Ho,RandolphKluverand KennethC.C.Yang LiteratureandSociety isaseriesthatseekstodemonstratethewaysinwhichAsianLiteratureis influencedbythepolitics,societyandcultureinwhichitisproduced.Titlesinclude: TheBodyinPostwarJapaneseFiction ChineseWomenWritersandtheFeminist EditedbyDouglasN.Slaymaker Imagination,1905–1948 HaipingYan RoutledgeStudiesinAsia’sTransformationsisaforumforinnovativenewresearchintendedfora high-levelspecialistreadership,andthetitleswillbeavailableinhardbackonly.Titlesinclude: 1.TheAmericanOccupationofJapanand 2.KoreansinJapan* Okinawa* Criticalvoicesfromthemargin Literatureandmemory EditedbySoniaRyang MichaelMolasky 3.InternationalizingthePacific 13.RemoldingandResistanceamongWriters TheUnitedStates,JapanandtheInstituteof oftheChinesePrisonCamp PacificRelationsinwarandpeace, Disciplinedandpublished 1919–1945 EditedbyPhilipF.WilliamsandYennaWu TomokoAkami 14.PopularCulture,GlobalizationandJapan 4.ImperialisminSouthEastAsia EditedbyMatthewAllenandRumiSakamoto ‘Afleeting,passingphase’ 15.medi@sia NicholasTarling Globalmedia/tioninandoutofcontext 5.ChineseMedia,GlobalContexts EditedbyToddJosephMilesHoldenand EditedbyChin-ChuanLee TimothyJ.Scrase 6.RemakingCitizenshipinHongKong 16.Vientiane Community,nationandtheglobalcity TransformationsofaLaolandscape EditedbyAgnesS.KuandNgaiPun MarcAskew,WilliamS.Loganand ColinLong 7.JapaneseIndustrialGovernance Protectionismandthelicensingstate 17.StateFormationandRadicalDemocracy YulSohn inIndia ManaliDesai 8.DevelopmentalDilemmas LandreformandinstitutionalchangeinChina 18.DemocracyinOccupiedJapan EditedbyPeterHo TheU.S.occupationandJapanesepolitics andsociety 9.Genders,TransgendersandSexualities EditedbyMarkE.Caprioand inJapan YoneyukiSugita EditedbyMarkMcLellandandRomit Dasgupta 19.Globalization,CultureandSocietyinLaos BoikeRehbein 10.Fertility,FamilyPlanningandPopulation PolicyinChina 20.TransculturalJapan EditedbyDudleyL.Poston,Che-FuLee, Attheborderlandsofrace,gender, Chiung-FangChang,SherryL.McKibben andidentity andCarolS.Walther EditedbyDavidBlakeWillisandStephen Murphy-Shigematsu 11.JapaneseDiasporas Unsungpasts,conflictingpresentsand 21.Post-ConflictHeritage,Post-Colonial uncertainfutures Tourism EditedbyNobukoAdachi Culture,politicsanddevelopmentatAngkor TimWinter 12.HowChinaWorks Perspectivesonthetwentieth-century 22.EducationandReforminChina industrialworkplace EmilyHannumandAlbertPark EditedbyJacobEyferth ∗Nowavailableinpaperback CriticalAsianScholarshipisaseriesintendedtoshowcasethemostimportantindividualcontributions toscholarshipinAsianStudies.EachofthevolumespresentsaleadingAsianscholaraddressingthemes thatarecentraltohisorhermostsignificantandlastingcontributiontoAsianstudies.Theseriesis committedtotherichvarietyofresearchandwritingonAsia,andisnotrestrictedtoanyparticular discipline,theoreticalapproachorgeographicalexpertise. SoutheastAsia China’sPast,China’sFuture Atestament Energy,food,environment GeorgeMcT.Kahin VaclavSmil WomenandtheFamilyinChineseHistory TheChineseStateinMingSociety PatriciaBuckleyEbrey TimothyBrook ChinaUnbound EvolvingperspectivesontheChinesepast PaulA.Cohen The City in South Asia James Heitzman Firstpublished2008 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada byRoutledge 270MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup, aninformabusiness ©2008EditedbyJamesHeitzman Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedor utilizedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,now knownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orin anyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting fromthepublishers. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable fromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Heitzman,James,1950– TheCityinSouthAsia/JamesHeitzman. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferences. ISBN978-0-415-34355-8(hardback)–ISBN978-0-203-48328-2 (ebook)1.Citiesandtowns–SouthAsia–History2.Cityplanning–South Asia–History.3.Vernaculararchitecture–SouthAsia–History.4.South Asia–History.I.Title. HT147.S64H452008 307.760954–dc22 2007036824 ISBN 0-203-48328-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN13:978-0-415-34355-8 ISBN10:0-415-34355-0 Contents Listofillustrations viii Acknowledgements x Preface xii 1 Theancientheritage 1 2 Thesacredcityandthefort 43 3 Emporiums,empire,andtheearlycolonialpresence 81 4 Space,economyandpubliccultureinthecolonialcity 117 5 Languagesofspaceinthecontemporarycity 168 Bibliography 229 Index 256 Illustrations Tables 1 SouthAsianurbanpopulation,1950–2007 176 2 Mega-citiesinSouthAsia,1950–2007 180 3 Urbanhuman-developmentindicators,early-twenty-firstcentury 184 4 SouthAsia’smajorports,2004–07 197 5 PopulationofBombay/MumbaiMetropolitanRegion,1971–2011 201 Figures 1 UrbanprocessionportrayedatSanchi,northengateway,west pillar,second–firstcenturybce.Reproducedbypermissionofthe AmericanInstituteofIndianStudies. 17 2 ViewofthemoundatKannauj. 38 3 AerialviewofBhaktapur.ReproducedbypermissionofNiels Gutschow. 56 4 Calcutta’sCliveStreet,1835.ReproducedbypermissionofThe BritishLibrary. 138 5 PaintedhoodandrearendofacyclerikshainDhaka.Reproduced bypermissionofJoannaKirkpatrick. 170 Maps 1 SitesofthematureHarappanphase,ca.2600–1900bce.Adapted fromPossehl2002. 6 2 Urbansites,ca.1000bce–1000ce. 14 3 PlanofancientTaxila(Takshasila).AdaptedfromMarshall1951: Figure1. 26 4 PlanofancientAnuradhapura.AdaptedfromSurveyofSriLanka sheet;Sensviratna1994. 29 5 Sacredsitesandadministrativecenters,ca.800–1800. 45 6 CityandregionofVijayanagara.AdaptedfromSurveyofIndia sheet;Fritzetal.1984;Morrison1995. 49 Illustrations ix 7 PlanofBijapur.AdaptedfromCousens1916. 68 8 Above:planofShahjahanabadca.1850.AdaptedfromBlake 1970:72–73.Thehatchedlinesindicatetheboundaryof(below) neighborhooddetails.AdaptedfromEhlersandKrafft2003. 74 9 Commercialcenters,ca.800–1800. 83 10 EurasianconnectionswithSouthAsia. 86 11 PlanofPondicherry,1755.AdaptedfromDeloche2005. 107 12 Urbansites,1800–1947. 120 13 OriginalplanofChichawatni,acanalcolony.Adaptedfrom BeazleyandPuckle1926:808,Appendix9b,Appendix10b. 148 14 PlanofDelhiandNewDelhi,1927.AdaptedfromSurveyofIndia map. 150 15 PlanofBombay,1933.AdaptedfromSurveyofIndiamap. 156 16 Urbansites,1947–2007. 174 17 Majorurbansites,early1950s. 177 18 Majorurbansites,2007. 178 19 Bombay/MumbaiMetropolitanRegion.AdaptedfromMMRDA 1999. 202 20 IndustrialandbusinessparksofBangalore.AdaptedfromBDA 2005. 219
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