Table Of Content

i L A S N . 10 INCOLN RCHAEOLOGICAL TUDIES O G E : M J J A V ENERAL DITORS ICHAEL ONES AND LAN INCE The City by the Pool Assessing the archaeology of the city of Lincoln by Michael J Jones, David Stocker and Alan Vince with the assistance of John Herridge edited by David Stocker Oxbow Books Lincoln Archaeological Studies are published by Oxbow Books, Park End Place, Oxford OX1 1HN © English Heritage, City of Lincoln Council and the Authors, 2003 ISBN 1 84217 107 0 A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library This book is published with the aid of a grant from English Heritage. English Heritage is now Historic England This book is available to download from https://books.casematepublishing.com/city by the Pool Contents Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................................................v Summaries..............................................................................................................................................................................vii 1 Introduction Michael J Jones and David Stocker..................................................................................................................................1 2 Urban archaeological assessment in Lincoln – an introduction to ‘LARA’ The scope and content of the present volume David Stocker....................................................................................................................................................................6 3 Instructions for the use of the CD-Rom Alan Vince.......................................................................................................................................................................10 4 Geological and topographical background Michael J Jones and David Stocker................................................................................................................................13 5 Settlement in the Lincoln area in the Prehistoric Era A) The archaeological account Michael J Jones and David Stocker.........................................................................................................................19 B) The archaeological agenda. An introduction to the Research Agenda Zone entries David Stocker ...........................................................................................................................................................34 C) Research Agenda Zone entries for the Prehistoric Era – GIS and database on CD-Rom David Stocker ........................................................................................................................................(on CD-Rom) 6 The Roman Military Era (c.AD45–c.AD90) A) The archaeological account Michael J Jones.........................................................................................................................................................36 B) The archaeological agenda. An introduction to the Research Agenda Zone entries David Stocker ...........................................................................................................................................................54 C) Research Agenda Zone entries for the Roman Military Era – GIS and database on CD-Rom David Stocker ........................................................................................................................................(on CD-Rom) 7 The Colonia Era (c.AD90–c.400) A) The archaeological account Michael J Jones.........................................................................................................................................................56 B) The archaeological agenda. An introduction to the Research Agenda Zone entries David Stocker .........................................................................................................................................................138 C) Research Agenda Zone entries for the Colonia Era – GIS and database on CD-Rom David Stocker ........................................................................................................................................(on CD-Rom) 8 Lincoln in the Early Medieval Era, between the 5th and the 9th centuries A) The archaeological account Alan Vince..............................................................................................................................................................141 iv Contents B) The archaeological agenda. An introduction to the Research Agenda Zone entries David Stocker .........................................................................................................................................................157 C) Research Agenda Zone entries for the Early Medieval Era – GIS and database on CD-Rom David Stocker ........................................................................................................................................(on CD-Rom) 9 The new town: Lincoln in the High Medieval Era (c.850–c.1350) A) The archaeological account Alan Vince..............................................................................................................................................................159 Narrative outline..................................................................................................................................................159 Topographical description of the city.............................................................................................................170 Development within the walls in the Anglo-Scandinavian period..........................................................188 The development of the walled city c.1150–c.1350 ......................................................................................207 Settlement in the suburbs of the Upper City c.900–c.1350 .........................................................................218 Settlement in the suburbs of the Lower City c.900–c.1350.........................................................................228 Outlying settlements...........................................................................................................................................247 The city within: life and work in the medieval city ....................................................................................249 B) The archaeological agenda. An introduction to the Research Agenda Zone entries David Stocker .........................................................................................................................................................296 C) Research Agenda Zone entries for the High Medieval Era – GIS and database on CD-Rom David Stocker ........................................................................................................................................(on CD-Rom) 10 Lincoln in the Early Modern Era (c.1350–c.1750) A) The archaeological account Alan Vince..............................................................................................................................................................303 B) The archaeological agenda. An introduction to the Research Agenda Zone entries David Stocker .........................................................................................................................................................329 C) Research Agenda Zone entries for the Early Modern Era – GIS and database on CD-Rom David Stocker ........................................................................................................................................(on CD-Rom) 11 Lincoln’s Industrial Era (c.1750–c.1950) A) The archaeological account David Stocker .........................................................................................................................................................338 B) The archaeological agenda. An introduction to the Research Agenda Zone entries David Stocker .........................................................................................................................................................362 C) Research Agenda Zone entries for the Industrial Era – GIS and database on CD-Rom David Stocker ........................................................................................................................................(on CD-Rom) 12 Afterword David Stocker................................................................................................................................................................370 13 Appendix I Explaining LARA: The Lincoln Archaeological Research Assessment in its policy context........................................................378 14 Appendix II Complete list of Research Agenda Zone entries for all Eras............................................................................383 15 Bibliography................................................................................................................................................................391 16 Index..............................................................................................................................................................................412 v Acknowledgements Some form of ‘archaeological assessment’ of Lincoln vations was a team effort that, from 1988, produced was originally intended as part of English Heritage’s the excavation archive, drafts and publications on efforts to generate coverage of such assessments which the archaeological accounts in this volume have nationally. This effort has been led by Roger Thomas been based. During this time the composition of the and his assistance behind the scenes of this project is team has changed and clearly some have contributed gratefully acknowledged. The idea of combining the more or less than others, in time if nothing else. Even synthetic element of the Lincoln Post-Excavation so, we feel it would be impossible to distinguish Programme with an attempt to explore new models between the contributions made and the team is for urban assessment was Chris Scull’s and his help therefore listed in alphabetical order: Jeremy Ashbee, and support has been of the greatest value throughout Lucy Bown, Prince Chitwood, Jane Cowgill, Maggi our work. Graham Fairclough hosted the project Darling, Lisa Donel, Mickey Doré, Pam Graves, Chris within his team in English Heritage and, in addition Guy, Rick Kemp, Caroline Kemp, Jen Mann, Paul to his wise advice throughout and his help with the Miles, Judy O’Neill, Helen Palmer-Brown, Barbara preparation of Appendix 1, his valuable comments Precious, Kate Steane, Jane Young. on Chapters 1 and 2 are gratefully acknowledged. The work on the documentary history of later Similarly valuable assistance has been given at various periods in Lincoln’s history has benefited greatly times by several other members of English Heritage through help from Christopher Johnson of Lincoln- staff, notably Peter Beacham, Andrew Brown, Martin shire County Council Archives Office. His unrivalled Cherry, Glyn Coppack, Paul Everson, Jon Last, Alison knowledge of the documentary sources has been most Peach and Dave Went. valuable to us, as it has been to all historians working An early draft of this study was reviewed for on the City. Paul Bischoff of the University of Okla- English Heritage by Steve Roskams of the University homa has generously shared his conclusions on the of York. He provided incisive and detailed, yet social and economic structure of the later medieval supportive comments, which caused the whole enter- city and Alan Vince and David Stocker are grateful prise to be re-thought from first principles. His help for the speed and care with which he has addressed at that stage is gratefully acknowledged. our enquiries. Those familiar with previous work at This unique study has been made possible by the Lincoln will recognise that the authors owe a heavy vision of Keith Laidler, the City of Lincoln’s Director debt to the many colleagues, past and present, who of Planning, who made his department its home. Within have been responsible for recording and/or analysing the City of Lincoln Council our principal debt is to the sites: Mark Blackburn, John Clipson, Christina John Herridge, who was a member of the team drawn Colyer, Barbara Crawford, Brian Gilmour, Lauren together to produce the Assessment and who made a Gilmour, Christopher Guy, Robert Jones, John Magil- significant written contribution to this book and to the ton, Terry O’Connor, Dominic Perring, Richard Reece, GIS and data-base on the CD Rom known as LARA. David Roffe, Sally Scott and Richard Whinney, are Even this understates his contribution because it fell to among those who made major contributions. Many John to make the computer system work and to provide other specialists have provided reports on various information for the other authors. Most of all, perhaps, artefacts and environmental samples that have also he produced the extraordinary survey of the industrial contributed to this volume: they are acknowledged in archaeology of Lincoln in 1999, which converted the the appropriate place. Neil Faulkner, Mark Corney, original UAD into a platform suitable for a holistic John Wacher and Simon Esmonde Cleary have all assessment, and which supports Chapter 11. Arthur made suggestions on individual points of inter- Ward, Head of Heritage at the City Council, also played pretation in the sections on the Roman period. a key role in the development of the project and The realisation of the GIS, with its linked data-base, undertook much of the administration associated with which we eventually christened ‘LARA’ and which it. It could not have been brought to a conclusion so forms the core of the Lincoln Assessment, was devel- quickly without his cheerful assistance and hard work. oped by Dominic Powlesland, and his vision and help The post-excavation analysis of the 1972–87 exca- throughout the project is gratefully acknowledged. He vi Acknowledgements has been ably assisted by Louise Cooke. For help with Jones made a fine job of typesetting within a short the illustrations we are also grateful to Naomi Field, timetable. Finally, the artwork both for LARA and for HN Hawley, Stanley Jones, CV Middleton and Son, the this volume was undertaken by Dave Watt, who has estate of Dennis Petch, Dave Start, the estate of David been a model of patience and cheerfulness in the face of Vale, Peter Washbourn, Andrew White and Catherine our many changes of mind and to whom all the authors Wilson. At Oxbow Books, David Brown’s help and extend their thanks. The quality of his artwork speaks guidance has been very valuable and Ruth Gwernan- for itself. Fig. 1.1. Locations of major archaeological excavations and interventions in the city since 1945, against the modern water- ways and street network (sources, Vince and Jones 1990 and others – drawn by Dave Watt, copyright English Heritage).