The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces (Oxford University Press Academic Monograph Reprints)

712 Pages·1998·12.47 MB·English

by  A.H.M. Jones

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title : Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces
author : Jones, A.H.M.
publisher : Oxford University Press
isbn10 | asin : 0199240094
print isbn13 : 9780199240098
ebook isbn13 : 9780585307855
language : English
subject Middle East--History--To 622, Eastern Region (Rome)--
Description--Maps--History, Roman Empire--Description--
Maps--History, Rome (Province)--Administration, Cities
and towns, ancient.
publication date : 1998
lcc : DG237.2J66 1998eb
ddc : 937/.4
subject : Middle East--History--To 622, Eastern Region (Rome)--
Description--Maps--History, Roman Empire--Description--
Maps--History, Rome (Province)--Administration, Cities
and towns, ancient.
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The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces
By
A.H.M. Jones

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Preface
This book is the product of work spread over many years, and the different sections of it were written at widely different
dates. I have endeavoured as far as possible to eliminate the over-lappings and inconsistencies which inevitably result
from such a method of composition, but there remains, I fear, much inequality of scale between different parts of the
work. I hope that my readers will overlook these blemishes, the elimination of which would have involved rewriting the
entire book.
In a work containing such a plethora of proper names, many of them extremely obscure, my spelling is certain to cause
annoyance to many. I have used the traditional spellings of names sufficiently well known to have one, and have
transliterated the rest according to the time-worn conventions, representing ov by u and al by ae, and converting the
V
endings -ov and -o to -um and -us, and so forth. But before transliterating I have in very many cases had to choose
which form of a name to adopt. There are two principal difficulties in establishing the `correct' form of an ancient name.
In the literary sourcesby which I mean anything that has come down to us by manuscript traditionthere are variations
due to the caprice of the author and even more to the inaccuracy of scribes. Some of these variations may justifiably be
termed `mis-spellings', but it is not always easy to say which of the variants is the `correct' form. In the second place
even in first-hand official sourcesinscriptions, papyri, and coinsthere are considerable variations. Fixed spelling,
especially for place-names, is a modern fad, and the ancients were quite content to spell a name half a dozen different
ways. This applies particularly to Greek transliterations of barbarian names, which often contained phonetic elements
for which the Greek alphabet did not cater. It would obviously be impossible in a work already overloaded with proper
names to give every variant of each, and I have had to select one. I have endeavoured to the best of my ability, by
following the inscriptions, papyri, and coins, to choose the `correct' or one of the `correct' forms, but in very many cases
my choice has been perforce somewhat arbitrary, especially where a name occurs only in Byzantine sources, which are
particularly luxuriant in vagaries of spelling. I can therefore only express my sympathy for the reader who, wishing to
find Sillyum (the form

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attested by the coins), looks for Syllium (the form used in nearly all the literary authorities), or who, searching for
Gdammaua (which is vouched for by an inscription), first tries Gdanmaa (another inscription), Ecdaumaua (Ptolemy),
Glauama (Hierocles), Galbana or Galmana (the Notitiae), Gdamautum (the Acta of Chalcedon), or even Egdaua (the
Peutinger Table). I may also point out that the terminations of many place-names are unknown, since in the sources the
ethnic only occurs, but have for convenience been arbitrarily supplied.
The maps, drawn from the 1:1,000,000 International Survey, are all on a uniform scale. This involves a certain amount
of practical inconvenience, but has the great merit of showing at a glance the relative density of cities in different areas.
The marking of the height is not uniform, but takes into account the very different physical character of the several
districts; in Egypt, for instance, the 100-metre contour, which roughly indicates the cultivable area, is all-important,
whereas in Asia Minor the 1,000-metre contour sufficiently differentiates the central plateau from the coastal and river
plains. I regard the maps primarily as illustrations to the text and I have therefore put in them as many as possible of the
names mentioned in it, marking (with a query) in the general area where I imagine them to have lain places which
cannot be precisely located. Names with queries must therefore not be taken too seriously.
I wish to thank Professor Anderson and Professor Last for having read the whole of the completed manuscript, and for
having made a number of corrections; Mr. C.W.M. Cox for having read large parts of the work in various stages and
having made many valuable suggestions on the topography of Asia Minor; Mr. W.H. Buckler for having read Chapter II
and brought to my notice many inscriptions, some unpublished; and Mr. C.H. Roberts for having read and criticized
Chapter XI, and allowed me to use an important unpublished papyrus. I wish also to express here my gratitude to many
scholars, personally unknown to me, my debt to whom is, I regret to say, inadequately acknowledged in my references.
I may allege in my excuse that I have invariably gone back to the original sources; but I am conscious that I ought in
many cases to have given references not only to them but also to the work of the modern scholars who first called
attention to their significance and interpreted them.
I owe a debt of gratitude to All Souls College for the fellowship which has enabled me to pursue my researches; to the
Trustees

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of the Arnold Fund for a substantial grant towards the cost of publication; and to the Delegates of the Clarendon Press
for undertaking the work.
A.H.M.J.
ALL SOULS COLLEGE
OXFORD

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Contents
List of Maps x
Introduction xi
I. Thrace 1
II. Asia 28
III. Lycia 96
IV. The Gauls 111
V. Pamphylia, Pisidia, and Lycaonia 124
VI. Bithynia and Pontus 148
VII. Cappadocia 175
VIII. Cilicia 192
IX. Mesopotamia and Armenia 216
X. Syria 227
XI. Egypt 296
XII. Cyrenaica 351
XIII. Cyprus 365
Notes 376
Appendix I. Pliny 491
Appendix II. Ptolemy 497
Appendix III. Hierocles and Georgius 502
Appendix IV. Tables 510
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Bibliography 541
List of Abbreviations 553
Addenda ET Corrigenda 556
Index 558

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List of Maps
I. Thrace (To Illustrate Chapter I) to Face Page 1
II. Asia Minor (To Illustrate Chapters II-VIII) 29
III. Mesopotamia and Armenia (To Illustrate Chapter IX) 217
IV. Syria (To Illustrate Chapter X) 227
V. Egypt (To Illustrate Chapter XI) 297
VI. A. Libya (To Illustrate Chapter XI)
VI. B. Cyrenaica (To Illustrate Chapter XII) 351
VI. C. Cyprus (To Illustrate Chapter XIII)

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Introduction
The object of this work is to trace the diffusion of the Greek city as a political institution through the lands bordering on
the eastern Mediterranean which were included within the Roman empire. My upper chronological limit naturally varies
according to the date when Greek culture first penetrated each district. In some parts Greek infiltration began in the
heroic age, in others in the classical period of colonization. With these movements I have dealt summarily, for I
conceive my real task to begin with the general diffusion of Greek culture which resulted from Alexander's conquest of
the East. I have therefore normally taken as my starting-point the conditions prevailing under the later Persian empire
and sought to discover how far the influence of the ancient Greek colonies had already penetrated among their barbarian
neighbours and to what extent the native institutions of the several districts were capable of being adapted to the Greek
conception of the city. I have next traced the activity of the Hellenistic kings in founding cities and the contemporary
spontaneous diffusion of Greek political institutions which was an essential part of the general Hellenization of the East;
at the same time I have recorded the restrictive effect of the centralized administrative policy of certain dynasties on the
growth of cities in their dominions. As the several districts became provinces of the Roman empire I have described the
effect upon them of the annexation. In some, hitherto ruled on a centralized system, city institutions were artificially
imposed wholesale, in order to make them amenable to the slovenly system of provincial administration employed by
the Roman republic. In others, where local self-government was already the rule, the oppression and confusion which
this same slovenly system produced arrested political development. Next comes the principate, under which it is for the
first time possible, thanks to the fragments of the Agrippan survey of the provinces preserved in Pliny and to the now
abundant coinage of the provincial communities, to attempt a general conspectus of the political geography of at least
some regions. During this period the increased efficiency of the central government led to results exactly the opposite of
those produced by the administrative incapacity of the republic. The life of the cities was fostered by the establishment
of orderly government, and in

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