The Church of the Holy Apostles

95 Pages·2008·31.37 MB·English

THE ATHENIANAG ORA
RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS
CONDUCTED BY
THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS
VOLUME XX

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t THE CHURCH OF
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THE HOLY APOSTLES
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THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS
PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
1971
American School of Classical Studies at Athens
is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to
The Athenian Agora ®
www.jstor.org
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The Holy Apostles.
The Holy Apostles.
PUBLISHED WITH THE AID OF A GRANT FROM MR. JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR.

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al e: ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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PRINTED IN GERMANY at J. J. AUGUSTIN, GLUCKSTADT
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FOR

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c s ANASTASIOS K. ORLANDOS
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PREFACE

s
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h School of ClassicaSl tudieso n the invitationo f the Departmenot f Restorationin theA rchaeological
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A -Serviceo f the GreekG overnmentu, ndert he Directorshipo f AnastasiosK . OrlandosW. armestt hanks
t Care here expressedo n behalf of the School to ProfessorO rlandosa nd his associate,E ustathiosS tikas,
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for invaluablea ssistancet hrougha ll phaseso f the undertaking.
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e YThe projectw as madep ossibleb y generousg rantsf romt he SamuelH . KressF oundationo f New York
di Bwhich met all the expenseso f the preliminaryw ork, the restorationa, nd the preparationo f the final
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u CpublicationI. n expressingo ur gratitudet o the Foundationi t is a pleasuret o recallt he personali nterest
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S Cshownb y the late Rush Kressw ho, with Mrs.K ress,v isitedA thenst wicew hilet he workw as in progress.

al e:We are also indebtedt o Miss Mary Davis, Vice Presidento f the Kress Foundation,f or continuedi n-
c steresta nd help, and to Mrs.M urrayD anforth,M rs.H enryS harpe,a nd Mrs.C . AlexanderR obinson,a ll
si nof ProvidenceR, hode Island,f or their assistancei n the landscapingo f the area.
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a cMany scholarsv isitedt he churchd uringt he courseo f the work and gave the benefito f their expert
Cl Liknowledge.I profitede speciallyf rom discussiono n the spot with GeorgeH . Forsyth,R ichardK raut-
. heimer,A . H. S. Megaw,R ichardS tillwell,a nd the late Paul A. Underwood.
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lA numbero f colleaguesi n the Agorah ave helpedi n the publicationo f the church.N icholasR estakis
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ol oproducedt he prints,s ometimesf rom negativesm ade underd isadvantageoucsi rcumstancesP. oly Dem-
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eoulini smoothedt he way in endlessm atterso f long-distancec ollaborationin the final stages.I am in-
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c sdebtedt o MargareCt rosbyf or her patiencei n allowinga n intrudert o encroacho n her own area of ex-
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cavation,a nd for crowningh er kindnessb y makingp ossiblet he color plate for the frontispiece.
n alThe restoredd rawingso f the church( Pls. 29-37, 40) are the ornamento f this book. Theya re the work
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c oof WilliamB . Dinsmoor,J r., to whomI expressm y gratitudea nd admirationfo r his patiencea nd skill.
ri sSpecialt hanksa nd appreciationg o to HomerT hompsonc, lassicistp ar excellenceo, n whosei nitiativet he
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estudya nd restorationo f this mediaevaml onumentw ereu ndertakena nd completeda, nd who couldc on-
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A sidert he vagarieso f Byzantineb uildersw ith the same care that he bestowso n the precisiono f the archi-
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otects of the 5th century B.C.
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To recorda dequatelym y debt to JohnT ravlosw ouldr equirea n acknowledgemenotn everyp age. He
has generouslyg iven his counsel and sharedh is knowledge,a nd his mastery of both the practical
and the theoreticala spects of Byzantinea rchitectureh as facilitatedt he excavationa, ccomplishedth e
restorationa, nd enrichedt he publication.
To ProfessorA nastasiosO rlandosI offert his opusculumin token of affectionateg ratitudef or many
kindnesseso ver a quartero f a century,a nd in recognitiono f his incomparablceo ntributionto the study
of Byzantinea rchitecturien Greece.
ALISON FRANTZ
Princeton,N .J.
June2 0, 1971
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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t PREFACE. ................................................................................... vii
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t LIST OF ILLUSTRATION..S. .... ... .... ... .. .. ...................................................
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s -FIGURES .................................................................................. X
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i BPLATES .............................................................................. ..... X
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u CABBREVIATIO.N..S... ....................................................................i... xiii
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INTRODUCTION. ................... ...................................... ........ 1

al e:THEE ARLIERRE MAINS.. .............................................................. ........ 3
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si nTHE FIRSTP ERIOD ........................................................................... 4
s eTHEP LAN. ............ . ................................................... .4........... 4
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THE FOUNDATION.S .... ................ ................. 5...........................
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THE MA SONRY ............................................................................. 5

f y.THE ORNAMENTABLR ICKWORK... ......................................................... 7
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lTHE COLUMNS.. ........................................................................... 7
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ol oTHE DOMEA ND VAULTS ............................... .................................. 9
o THE ROOF ...................................................................... . ..... 10
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h sTHEW INDOWS. ............................................................................................. 10
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uTHED OORS. ...................................... ...... .................................. 12
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n al TTHHEEPW AAVLILND GE.. .C...O...R...A...T..I..O....N..... ........................................ ........... ... ................... .........1. 3 12
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c oTHE ARCOSOLIUM .. ....................................... 13
i sTHE ICONOSTASI.S.. ............. .......................................... 14
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e rTHEF ONT ....................... ......................................... ... 17
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ARCHITECTURTAYLP E .................. .... .... .... .......................................... 18
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oDATE ....................... .................. .24
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THET OMBS.. ...27......... ......................................... .... .. 27
HUMAN SKELETALM ATERIALF ROMT HEC HURCH. .3.......0................. ........... 30
THEL ATERP ERIOD.S.. ....................................................................... 32
PERIODII ............................................................................ . .. 32
PERIODII I................................................................................. 35
PERIODIV ......................................................................... . . 38
CONSERVATIAONND R ESTORATIO..N... ......................................................... 40
INDEX .................................... 43
PLATES
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURES
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e D.1. Masonryo n East Side of East Apse (J. Travlos).
h N2. KufesqueD esignsi n Masonry( A. H. S. Megaw,p reparedb y H. Besi).
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A 3. WindowD etails. A. East Apse. B. Dome, SoutheastF ace (W. B. Dinsmoor,J r.).
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C4. Windows. a. EastA pse. b. NorthA pse. c. Diaconicon. d. Dome, SoutheastF ace (W. B. Dinsmoor,J r.).
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a N5. Door Frameo f PeriodI (J. Travlos).

s -6. SarcophagusF ront, RestoredD rawing( J. Travlos).
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e 7. Iconostasis,R estoredD rawing( J. Travlos).
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d 8. Churchesi n Greece. a. Methana, St. Nicholas. b. Platani, St. Nicholas. c. Kastoria, Koumbelidiki.
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u C d. Varasova, St. Demetrios. e. Athens, Moni Petraki. f. Manolada,P alaiopanagia. g. Athens, Holy
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S C Apostles. h. GavrolimniP, anaxiotissa. i. Arta, St. Nicholas 'PoSi&as.( 1:200)
9. Sectionst hroughC hurchP ropera nd Narthex,s howingT ombs( J. Travlos).
al e:10. The Holy Apostles.P lan by A. Lenoir( 1836).
sic ns11. The Holy Apostles.P lan of 1854.
s e12. Positiono f Orthostatesin West Wall (J. Travlos).
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. PLATES
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l FRONTISPIETChEe Holy Apostles.
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e1. The Holy Apostlesb eforeR estoration( 1953).
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c s a. East End.
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n al c. North Side.
a n d. South Side.
c o2. a. Foundationso f Churcho n Floor Beddingo f Nymphaeum.
eri rs b. Foundationso f Mint (?) underW est Apse.
e c. EarlyB yzantineH ouse Wallsu nderE ast Apse.
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d. The Churchc a. 1890( Phot. G. Lambakis).
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r3. a. Foundationso f West Apse from East.
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© F b. Crosswallo f PeriodsI -III, from West.
c. Junctiono f West Apse and AdjoiningW all.
d. OriginalS tep Block in Place.
4. Walls Strippedo f LaterM asonry.
a. North Side.
b. OriginalE nd of North Wall.
c. South Side.
5. a. Foundationso f NorthwestA ngle Chamberf, rom Southeast.
b. Brickw ith Sketchf or KufesqueD esign.
c. SouthwestC apital.
d. NorthwestC apital.
e. SouthwestC olumnB ase.
f. NortheastC olumn.
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6. a. Detail of Dome after Removalo f Stucco.
b. OriginalW indowA rchesi n Dome.
c. SoutheastF ace of Dome with OriginalM ullion.
d. SouthwestP endentive.
e. NortheastS egmento f Interioro f Dome.
7. a. West Vault before Repairs.
b. Semi-domeo f SouthwestA ngle Chamber.
c. Vaultingo f SouthwestA ngle Chamber.
d. TriangularV ault of SouthwestA ngle Chamber.
8. Dome and Roofs after Restoration.
9. a. PumiceP ackingo ver East Vault.

s b. PlasterB eddingf or Roof Tiles.
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h d. KufesqueB rickworki n South Apse.
t N e. Windowso f East Apse and Diaconicon.
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at N10. a. OriginalP avingi n NorthwestA ngle Chamberf, rom South.
b. Arcosolium,f rom North.
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di B d. Font in ByzantineM useum( photographb y EugeneV anderpoolJ, r.).
u C- e. SarcophagusF ront.
St C11. Fragmentso f Iconostasiso f Holy Apostles.
a. EpistyleB lock D, Front.
al e: b. EpistyleB lock D, Underside.
c s c. EpistyleB lock E, Front.
si n d. EpistyleB lock E, Underside.
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e. ClosureP anel.
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B. Epistyle Block in Byzantine Museum.
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f y h. EpistyleB lock found in Asklepieion.
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nl i. ClosureP anel from Moni Petraki.
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o o j. ClosureP aneli n ByzantineM useum.
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e12. a. Manolada,P alaiopanagiaf,r om Northwest.
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c s b. Manolada,P alaiopanagiaf,r om Southeast.
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n al d. Hosios Loukas,I conostasisi n Katholikon( CourtesyE . Stikas).
a n13. a. Athens, Moni Petraki,f rom East (CourtesyM . Sotiriou).
c o b. GavrolimniP, anaxiotissaf, rom Northeast.
ri s c. Hosios Loukas,K atholikona nd Theotokos,f rom East.
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m e d. Hosios Loukas,K atholikon,f rom Southwest( CourtesyE . Stikas).
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14. a. Holy Apostles,W est End before Restoration.
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or b. From Northwest,R estorationC ompleted.
© F15. a. Tombs 1-4.
b,c,d. Jugs from Tomb 2.
e. Glass Bottle from Tomb 3.
f. Lintel of SmallD oor of PeriodI .
g. Tombs in Narthex.
16. a. Tombs 12 and 13.
b. Tombs 14 and 13.
c. Tomb 11.
d. Cornero f Arcosoliumw ith Late XcovEurrpilov.
e,f. South Wall of Narthexi n PeriodI I.
17. Wall Paintingso f PeriodI I.
a. Angel of Trinitya nd Sacrificeo f Isaac in Prothesis.
b. Aaron in Dome.
c,d. Saintsi n West Angle Chambers.
xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
18. a. Gable of Later Periods.
b. Window of Period II in North Wall.
c. Altar and Floor of Period IV.
d. Pantokrator in Dome, Period II.
e. Pantokrator in Dome, Period IV.
f. Blocked Doorway in North Apse, from Outside.
19. a. Narthex, with Threshold Adjusted for Period III, from East.
b. West Wall, Orthostates Replaced in Original Positions.
c. Interior, Period IV, Looking East.
d. Interior, Period IV, Looking West.
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20. a,b. Interior Bracing.
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h e. Inner Face of Wall before Restoration.
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At 21. Replacing Columns.
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a N b. Reinforcing Rods in Place.
s - c. Cement Bases for New Columns.
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e d. Half of Mould for Shaft.
di B e. Mould for Core of Capital.
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u C f. Mould for Column in Place.
St C 22. Reconstruction of Narthex.
a. Centering.
al e: b. Reinforcing Rods.
c s c. Roof Half Finished.
si n d. Rebuilding the Fagade.
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a c 23. a. Laying the Roof Tiles.
l i b. Carving the Lunette.
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24. After Restoration, from Southeast
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of y 25. After Restoration and Landscaping, from Southeast (1959).
nl 26. The Interior, Restored.
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o o a. Looking East.
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s 27. The Interior, Restored.
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S a Looking Southwest into Narthex.

n al b. Southeast Bay Narthex, looking into Church Proper.
a n 28. Development of Plan (J. Travlos).
c o 29. Restored Plan, Period I (W. B. Dinsmoor, Jr.).
ri s 30. East Elevation (W. B. Dinsmoor, Jr.)
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p 32. North Elevation (W. B. Dinsmoor, Jr.)
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r 33. South Elevation (W. B. Dinsmoor, Jr.).
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© F 34. Transverse Section, Church Proper (W. B. Dinsmoor, Jr.).
35. Longitudinal Section (W. B. Dinsmoor, Jr.).
36. Transverse Section, East End (W. B. Dinsmoor, Jr.).
37. Transverse Section, Narthex (W. B. Dinsmoor, Jr.).
38. Plan, Period III (J. Travlos).
39. Floor Plan, Period IV (J. Travlos).
40. Plan of Roof (W. B. Dinsmoor, Jr.).
ABBREVIATIONS

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NABME A. K. Orlandos, 'ApXEiovr COvB uLavrTv~$v MvriaEkco-vr is 'E?a&8os, Athens
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A -'ApX.' Eq. 'ApXatoXoyu<'E~q :,rIEpisA, thens
t BC.N.J. Byzantinisch-neugriechisJcahher biicherA, thens
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Bouras,M anolada Ch. Bouras,' H TTaaioi-rravayiM'a avoX&Sos'E, 'mrralMovvK'E'' rrelp'S- riq Ho\Xv-
s Y- -rExvuIIS2 XOXs t'oAop orooTEXdov l'laveirloriou esE*aaoov[nrS, IV, 1969,
e
i B Salonica,p p. 233-266
d -AIEE AE?J'iov- rfs 'Ic-ropudiiSn al' ESvoAoyKij'SE T-rapEiaASt,h ens
u CD.O.P. DumbartonO aksP apers,W ashington
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S CAXAE AEX-rTov" rfSX plc-riavtKis 'ApxatoXoyt<is 'E'ratpEaS,A thens
al e: Ebersolt J. Ebersolt,M onumentds 'architecturbey zantineP, aris, 1934
c sEEBX 'E-relpis 'E-racpeiasB vLav-rtvwAXvT rovuS&Av,t hens
si nEMME E'VpEsTlpto-rv& vM EcatcoviK&M$vv r1PEco0Tv rq 'E?Na'?oSA, thens
s eKambouroglou, '1o'-ropioaD . Kambouroglou, '!aTrop[a -rGv 'A.9i[vaicov. ToupKoxpa-ria, -[EpioSos TrpcTrj,
a c 1458-1687,I I, Athens, 1889
l i
C LKrautheimer R. KrautheimerE, arly Christiana nd ByzantineA rchitectureP, elicanH istory of Art,
. 1965
f y
o lLambakis,M gmoire G. Lambakis,M 6moires ur les antiquitisc hrftienneds e la Grace,A thens, 1902
l nLenoir,L 'architecture A. Lenoir,L 'architecturme onastiqueI,, Paris, 1852
o o
o Megaw,C hronology H. Megaw," The Chronologyo f some Middle-ByzantinCe hurches,"A nnualo f the
h e BritishS choola t Athens,X XXII, 1931-32,p p. 90-130
s
c uMillet, L'ecoleg recque GabrielM illet, L'ecoleg recqued ansl 'architecturbe yzantineP, aris, 1916
S Sotiriou,P etraki M. Sotiriou,T 6 KaSoX7K6'rvi isM ovfs VTETrp'aA<SKqrv $-vvA, XAE,1 961,p p. 101-129
n alStikas,H .L. E. Stikas, T6 0tKoSoOKI6. v XpoviK6v- rfj5M ovij TroJ 'Oai'ov AoVKa $COKi?oSA, thens,
a n 1970
ic Tsoravlos, 1O?'EoX8oPK'1 J. Travlos, 7OAEOA5OIIK'EQI EXt~ts' rLv 'A$rivov, Athens, 1960
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