The Church and the State in France, 1789-1870: 'Fear of God is the Basis of Social Order'

346 Pages·2017·4.405 MB·English

by  Roger Price (auth.)

THE CHURCH
‘Fear of God
AND THE STATE
is the Basis of
IN FRANCE, Social Order’
1789–1870
Roger Price
The Church and the State in France, 1789–1870
Roger Price
The Church
and the State
in France, 1789–1870
‘Fear of God is the Basis of Social Order’
Roger Price
Aberystwyth, UK
ISBN 978-3-319-63268-1 ISBN 978-3-319-63269-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-63269-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017948266
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For Heather with love
A
cknowledgements
This book has been a long time in the making and I owe a great deal to
the support and patience of family, friends, colleagues and generations of
students. In addition to research conducted specifically for this volume,
I was able to draw on material gathered for other projects over many
years. My debt to the archivists and librarians of the following institu-
tions is enormous: Archives nationales; Bibliothèque nationale; Service
historique de l’Armée de Terre; the Centre de documentation of the
Société nationale des chemins de fer français; Ecole des Mines; National
Library of Wales; University of East Anglia; Aberystwyth University;
Bangor University; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Research leave
and funding were provided generously by the University of East Anglia,
Aberystwyth University and the Arts and Humanities Research Board,
and further indispensable financial assistance by the British Academy,
Leverhulme Trust and Wolfson Foundation. I was fortunate to be able
to draw on the late Ralph Gibson’s enthusiasm and vast knowledge of
the Church in France, and on support from William Doyle and Richard
J. Evans in making grant applications. A series of anonymous publish-
ers’ readers made suggestions I could not always accept, but which con-
tributed greatly to the end result. Once again Heather Price saved me
from confusion and numerous split infinitives. I am particularly grateful
for the encouragement received from Emily Russell and Carmel Kennedy
of Palgrave Macmillan and also the support of K M Govardhana and the
copy editors at Scientific Publishing Services in Chennai.
vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Above all I want to thank Richard, Luisa, Luca and Charlotte; Siân,
Andy, Molly and Lilly; Emily, Dafydd, Eleri and Mari Haf; Hannah, Simon
and Megan Eira, and my dearest Heather for their encouragement and love.
c
ontents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Power of Religion 1
1.2 Defining the Threat(s) 2
Part I The Shock of Revolution, 1789–1848
2 Revolution and Empire: Reconstructing the Church,
1789–1815 9
2.1 The Pre-Revolutionary Church 9
2.2 The Revolutionary Crisis, 1789–1815 13
2.3 The Foundations of a New Religious Order: Consulate
and Empire 21
2.4 Conclusion 31
3 Restoration and Revolution, 1814–1848 33
3.1 Political and Religious Restoration, 1814–1830 33
3.2 1830 Revolution 43
3.3 The Roman Catholic Church and the July Monarchy,
1830–1848 53
4 The Challenge of Democracy, 1848–1852 59
4.1 The February Revolution 59
4.2 ‘Universal’ Suffrage 72
ix
x CONTENTS
5 The Turn Towards Counter-Revolution 83
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 The Roman Expedition 93
5.3 The Loi Falloux 105
5.4 The Coup d’Etat of 2 December 1851 113
5.5 Conclusions 124
Part II Religion and Politics During the Second Empire,
1852–1870
6 An Authoritarian Alliance, 1851–1859 129
6.1 Introduction 129
6.2 State and Church 136
6.3 Signs of Dissent 145
6.4 Conclusion 159
7 The Roman Question 161
7.1 Introduction 161
7.2 War in Italy 162
7.3 Renewed Crisis 169
7.4 Rallying to the Pope 175
7.5 Petitions and Protest 183
7.6 The Denier de Saint Pierre 190
7.7 Recruiting for the Papal Army 192
7.8 The Police Des Cultes 195
8 Conflict Over Education 205
8.1 Introduction 205
8.2 Implementing the Loi Falloux 206
8.3 The Offensive Against Lay Teachers 210
8.4 Governmental Resistance 221
8.5 Secondary Education 229
9 The Search for a New Equilibrium: Towards the Liberal
Empire, 1859–1870 239
9.1 Growing Differences 239
CONTENTS xi
9.2 The Church and Electoral Politics 248
9.3 Towards the Liberal Empire 257
9.4 War and Defeat 269
10 Conclusion 273
Appendix A: Sources 277
Appendix B: Select Bibliography 281
Index 325