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The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Vol. 3: The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300) PDF

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Preview The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Vol. 3: The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300)

The Christian Tradition 1. The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100—600) 2. The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700) 3. The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300) 4. Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300—1700) 5. Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700) The Christian Tradition A History of the Development of Doctrine Jaroslav Pelikan 3 The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300) The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London JAROSLAV PELIKAN is Sterling professor of history and chairman of medieval studies at Yale University and a fellow of the Mediaeval Academy of America. His many publications include From Luther to Kierkegaard, The Riddle of Roman Catholicism, Development of Doctrine, and Historical Theology. He has also been editor of the American Edition of Luther's Works. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 1978 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 1978 Printed in the United States of America 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 5 4 3 2 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan, 1923— The growth of medieval theology (600-1300) (His The Christian tradition; 3) Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. I. Theology, Doctrinal—History—Middle Ages, 600. 1500. I. Title. BT2I.2.P42 vol. 3 [BT26] 230S [230'.09'02] ISBN 0-226-65374-9 (cloth) ISBN 0-226-65375-7 (paper) Contents Preface vii Primary Sources xi The Middle Ages as "Age of Faith" 1 1. THE INTEGRITY OF THE CATHOLIC TRADITION 9 The Faith and the Creed 11 Faith, Hope, and Love 23 The Spirit and the Letter 34 The City of God 42 2. BEYOND THE AUGUSTINIAN SYNTHESIS 50 The Reconsideration of Dogma 52 The Rule of Prayer 66 The Sovereignty of Grace 80 The Claims of Reason 95 3. THE PLAN OF SALVATION 106 The Paradox of Justice and Mercy 108 The Discipline of ]esus 118 The Cross as the Redemption of Mankind 129 The Lord of History 144 4. THE COMMUNICATION OF GRACE 158 Mary as Mediatrix 160 The Communion of Saints 174 The Real Presence 184 The Grace of the Sacraments 204 V CONTENTS vi 5. THE ONE TRUE FAITH 215 The Problem of Patristic Consensus 216 Schism, Sect, and Heresy 229 The Encounter with Other Faiths 242 Faith in Search of Understanding 255 6. SUMMA THEOLOGICA 268 The Reintegration of the Catholic Tradition 270 Natural Theology and the Scholastic Method 284 The Celestial and Ecclesiastical Hierarchies 293 The Vision of God 303 Selected Secondary Works 308 Index: Biblical 323 General 326 Preface The completion of The Growth of Medieval Theology has brought my history of the development of Christian doctrine well past the halfway point, with the period of the Reformation and the modern era reserved for the two remaining volumes. In the present volume, even more than in either of the preceding ones, it has been necessary to adhere strictly to the definition of the work as a whole set down in the introduction to volume 1. Most histories of medieval doctrine have been histories of Christian thought, or even histories of philosophical thought, rather than histories of what the church believed, taught, and confessed on the basis of the word of God. For that reason certain issues (for example, the question of universals) and certain thinkers (above all, Thomas Aquinas) have been far more prominent in such histories than they are here. Although I was, as my earlier publications indicate, better prepared to write about Thomas than about any of the other authors on whom I have drawn in the present volume, the limitations I have imposed on the subject matter of The Christian Tradition made a detailed exposi- tion of Thomistic thought unjustifiable, despite its ob- vious attractions. As I have sought to show in the introduction to this volume, even the word "theology" is used in the title (as it was often used in the Middle Ages) in a sense different from that in which we generally use it. To us, the word tends to mean what individual theologians do and how they develop their systems, but I am employing it almost as a synonym for "church doctrine." Therefore the outline of The Growth of Medieval Theology is shaped primarily vii PREFACE viii by the evolution of the doctrines and only secondarily by the controversies or the speculations of the doctors. Like its two predecessors, this volume is arranged chronologi- cally, even though the titles of the chapters are topical rather than chronological. The date of the classic formula- tion of a doctrine or the consummation of an important stage of the development of a doctrine has determined where I have discussed that doctrine, including earlier stages of its development—Anselm's Why God Became Man for chapter 3, the definition of the real presence and the establishment of the seven sacraments for chapter 4, Abelard's Sic et non for part of chapter 5, the "five ways" of Thomas for part of chapter 6. Even the discussions of heresy and of other religions in chapter 5 appear where they do in the narrative because of the prominence of those questions in the life and teaching of the church of the twelfth century. The setting of this volume within the context of the entire work has helped to give such issues as the doctrine of the Trinity and Christology a prominence that they often lack in histories of medieval thought. Above all, it has been responsible for my attention to the question of tradition. There is, at least since the apostles, no figure in Christian history who has so dominated a millennium with his teachings as Augustine did. How he was under- stood (or misunderstood) and how he was transmitted (or superseded) is, therefore, a central element in the story. I have also made connections between this volume and the first two in other and more trivial ways. I have, for example, often rendered the Latin term "verbum" as "Logos" when it was clearly a reference to the second person of the Trinity, and have used "Theotokos" to translate such Latin formulas as "Dei genitrix" or "mater Dei" or (in two or three texts) "Teothocos." This I have done not to claim for Latin writers a greater command of Greek than they possessed, but to facilitate the compari- son and contrast that are so interesting and important a feature of doctrinal development. Cross-references to previous volumes, as well as cross-references within this volume, are also intended to serve that end. Once again, I am obliged—and delighted—to acknowl- edge the help I have received from others. A series of dissertations I directed on topics in medieval doctrine, notably that of Patrick Geary on relics and that of E. Ann Preface ix Matter on Mary, made me aware of issues and of texts that I might otherwise have overlooked. Several lecture invitations gave me the opportunity to try out most of these chapters on a living audience and on colleagues in medieval studies who gave me the benefit of their criticism and advice. The host institutions for those lectures were (in alphabetical order): The University of Calgary; the Catholic University of America; the University of Chi- cago; Princeton University; Saint Mary's College at Notre Dame; the University of Toronto (the Centre for Medi- eval Studies and the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies); and Yale University. I have likewise benefited from several distinguished library collections, above all from the Sterling Memorial Library and the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale, but also from the Library of Congress, the Widener Library at Harvard, and the library of the Medieval Institute of the University of Notre Dame. Most of all, of course, I have learned from the primary sources listed at the beginning of the book and from the secondary works listed at the end of the book, as well as from other writings in both categories not specifically identified. Nancy Wellins assisted me with verifying citations. The devoted and accurate transcrip- tion of a difficult manuscript into its final form was the work of my secretary, Mrs. Candace Bryce. Primary Sources Authors and Texts Abb.Fract. Adalg.Admon. Adel.Ep.Bmgr. Ael.Spec.car. Agob. Pel. Fred. Grand. Alan.Ins. Haer. Reg.theol. Alb.M. Proph.min. Sent. Alc. Cant. Disp.puer, Elip. Ep. Ep.Beat. Pel. Pel.haer. Gen. Trin. Vs.Alc.Div.off. Aldh. Carm. Virg. Alex. III Sent.Rol. Sum.Rol. Abbaudus. On the Breaking of the Lord's Body {De fractione corporis Domini} Adalger. Admonition to a Recluse Adelmannus of Brescia. Epistle to Berengar Aelred of Rievaulx. Mirror of Love {Speculum caritatis} Agobard of Lyons Against the Dogma of Felix Against the Objections of Fredegisus On Hailstorms and Thunder {De grandme et tomtruts} Alan of Lille [Alanus de Insulis] On the Catholic Faith against the Heretics of His Time Rules of Sacred Theology Albertus Magnus Commentary on the Minor Prophets Commentary on the Sentences Alcuin Compendium on the Song of Songs A Disputation for Boys in Questions and Answers {Disputa- tio puerorum per interrogationes et responsiones} Against Elipandus Epistles Epistle to Beatus of Liebana Against Felix Against the Heresy of Felix Questions and Answers on Genesis The Faith of the Holy and Undivided Trinity Pseudo-Alcuin. On the Divine Offices Aldhelm Hymns {Carmina ecclesiastica} On Virginity Pope Alexander III The Sentences of Roland The Summa of Master Roland xi PRIMARY SOURCES xii Alex.Hal. Quaest.disp. S.T. Sent. Alg. Mis.et just. Sacr. Alterc.syn. Amal. Bapt. off. Ord. Ambr. Inc. Is.et an. Myst. Ps.n8 Sacr. Spir. Ambr.Aut. Apoc. Assump. Luc. Mts. Nat.Virg. Purif. Sanct. Trans. Vit.virt. V.Pald. Amul. Ep. Grat. Anast.Chin.Ep.Ger. Andr.Cr.O. Kag.Gen. Ann.Bert. Ans. Cas.diab. Conc. Concept.virg. Cur d.h. Ep. Inc. Lib.arb. Med. Mon. Orat. Pros. Sacr.eccl. Ver. Alexander of Hales Disputed Questions Summa Theological Commentary on the Sentences Alger of Liege On Mercy and Justice {De misericordia et justitia} On the Sacraments Altercation between the Church and the Synagogue Amalarius of Metz On Baptism Book of Offices On the Days of Ordinances Ambrose of Milan On the Mystery of the Lord's Incarnation On Isaac and the Soul {De Isaac et anima} On the Mysteries Exposition of Psalm 118 On the Sacraments On the Holy Spirit Ambrose Autpert Commentary on the Apocalypse On the Feast of the Assumption On the Birthday of Saint Luke On Saint Matthias On the Nativity of the Virgin Mary On the Purification of the Virgin On All Saints' Day On the Transfiguration of the Lord On the Conflict of Vices and Virtues Life of Paldo Amolo of Lyons Epistles On the Grace and Foreknowledge of God Anastasius of Cluny. Epistle to Gerald Andrew of Crete. Orations Angelomus of Luxeuil. Commentary on Genesis The Annals of Saint-Bertin Anselm of Canterbury On the Fall of the Devil {De casu diaboli} On the Harmony of the Foreknowledge, Predestination, and Grace of God with Free Will {De concordia praescientiae et praedestinationis et gratiae dei cum libero arbitrio} On the Virginal Conception and on Original Sin Why God Became Man {Cur deus homo} Epistles Epistle on the Incarnation of the Word On the Freedom of the Will {De libertate arbitrii} Meditations Monologion Prayers {Orationes} Proslogion On the Sacraments of the Church On Truth {De veritate} Authors and Texts xiii Ans.Hav. Dial. Ans.L. Sent.Ans. Sent.div.pag. Att.Verc. Ep. Serm. Aud.V.Elig. Aug. Civ. Conj. Doctr.christ. Enchir. Ep. Ev.Joh. Eid.et symb. Gen.ad litt. Mor.eccl. Nat.et grat. Parm. Persev. Praed.sanct. Ps. Retract. Rom. Spir.et litt. Trin. Vs.Aug.Hypomn. Bald. Comm.fid. Sacr.alt. Tract. Beat. Apoc. Elip. Bed. Act. Cant. E.et N. Ep. Ep.Ecg. Ep.Joh. Gen. H.e. Hist.ab. Horn. Luc. Marc. Anselm of Havelberg. Dialogues in Constantinople with Nicetas of Nicomedia Anselm of Laon Sentences of Anselm Sentences of the Divine Page Atto of Vercelli Epistles Sermons Audoin. Life of Eligius Augustine of Hippo City of God {De civitate dei} Confessions On Christian Doctrine Enchiridion Epistles Exposition of the Gospel of John On Vaith and the Creed {De fide et symbolo} Exposition of Genesis according to the Letter {De Genesi ad litteram} On the Morals of the Catholic Church On Nature and Grace {De natura et gratia} Against the Epistle of Parmenianus On the Gift of Perseverance On the Predestination of the Saints {De praedestinatione sanc- torum} Exposition of the Psalms Retractations Exposition of Certain Propositions from the Epistle to the Romans On the Spirit and the Letter {De spiritu et littera} On the Trinity Pseudo-Augustine. Memorandum against the Pelagians and Celestians {Hypomnesticon} Baldwin of Ford On the Commendation of Eaith The Sacrament of the Altar Tractates Beatus of Liebana Commentary on the Apocalypse Against Elipandus The Venerable Bede Exposition of the Acts of the Apostles Allegorical Exposition of the Song of Songs Commentary on Ezra and Nehemiah Epistles Epistle to Egbert Exposition of 1 John Commentary on Genesis Ecclesiastical History History of the Abbots Homilies Exposition of the Gospel of Luke On the Gospel of Mark

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