The Chosen Species: The Long March of Human Evolution PDF
Preview The Chosen Species: The Long March of Human Evolution
Arsuaga/ChosenSpecies 1405115327-1-pretoc FinalProof page 1 9.6.2005 9:37am The Chosen Species Arsuaga/ChosenSpecies 1405115327-1-pretoc FinalProof page 2 9.6.2005 9:37am For Lourdes For Chon Arsuaga/ChosenSpecies 1405115327-1-pretoc FinalProof page 3 9.6.2005 9:37am Arsuaga/ChosenSpecies 1405115327-1-pretoc FinalProof page 4 9.6.2005 9:37am Spanishedition(cid:1)1998byJuanLuisArsuagaFerreras,IgnacioMart´ınezMendiza´bal,and EdicionesTemasdeHoy,Ltd.(T.H.) Illustrations(cid:1)1998byMauricioAnto´n Englishtranslation(cid:1)2006byBlackwellPublishing,Ltd. BLACKWELLPUBLISHING 350MainStreet,Malden,MA02148-5020,USA 9600GarsingtonRoad,OxfordOX42DF,UK 550SwanstonStreet,Carlton,Victoria3053,Australia TherightofJuanLuisArsuagaFerrerasandIgnacioMart´ınezMendiza´baltobeidentifiedas theAuthorsofthisWorkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeUKCopyright,Designs, andPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrieval system,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying, recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,Designs,andPatentsAct 1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Originallypublishedin1998byTemasdeHoyasLaespecieelegida Englisheditionpublished2006byBlackwellPublishing TranslatedintoEnglishbyRachelGomme 1 2006 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Arsuaga,JuanLuisde. [Especieelegida.English] Thechosenspecies:thelongmarchofhumanevolution/JuanLuisArsuaga,Ignacio Mart´ınez;illustrationsbyMauricioAnto´n;[translatedintoEnglishbyRachelGomme]. p.cm. ‘‘Originallypublishedin1997byTemasdeHoyasLaespecieelegida’’—T.p.verso. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13:978-1-4051-1532-2(hardcover:alk.paper) ISBN-10:1-4051-1532-7(hardcover:alk.paper) ISBN-13:978-1-4051-1533-9(pbk.:alk.paper) ISBN-10:1-4051-1533-5(pbk.:alk.paper) 1.Fossilhominids.2.Humanevolution.3.Primates—Evolution.4.Anthropology, Prehistoric.I.Mart´ınez,Ignacio.II.Anto´n,Mauricio.III.Title. GN282.A698132006 599.93’8—dc22 2004027275 AcataloguerecordforthistitleisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Setin10/12.5ptGalliard bySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedandboundintheUnitedKingdom byTJInternationalLtd,Padstow,Cornwall Thepublisher’spolicyistousepermanentpaperfrommillsthatoperateasustainableforestry policy,andwhichhasbeenmanufacturedfrompulpprocessedusingacid-freeandelementary chlorine-freepractices.Furthermore,thepublisherensuresthatthetextpaperandcover boardusedhavemetacceptableenvironmentalaccreditationstandards. Forfurtherinformationon BlackwellPublishing,visitourwebsite: www.blackwellpublishing.com Arsuaga/ChosenSpecies 1405115327-1-toc FinalProof page 5 8.6.2005 5:18pm Contents Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Prehistory 1 Little Lucy 1 Intrepid Paleontologists 3 Part I Children of Africa 7 1 Basic Principles of Evolutionary Theory 9 TheInheritance of Acquired Characteristics 9 Natural Selection 10 TheStaircaseof Progress 13 2 We the Primates 17 TheEcological Definition and Diversityof Primates 17 TheClassification of Primates 20 Hominoids,Apes of Our Own Branch 22 Historyof the Primates 27 3 Climate and Evolution 35 TheOrigin of Species 35 Climate Changesover the Last Few Million Years 36 Paleotemperature Scales 38 Factors in Climate Change 39 v Arsuaga/ChosenSpecies 1405115327-1-toc FinalProof page 6 8.6.2005 5:18pm Contents Milankovitch Cycles 40 A ClimaticModelforEquatorialAfrica 43 TheControversial Gas 45 TheEnd of Paradise 46 4 The Origin of Humanity 49 Molecular Clocks 49 TheFirst Fossil Hominids 51 Change of Habitat 53 East Side Story 57 Dating Fossils 59 TheTaung Child 61 Distinguishing Marks 62 5 The Bipedal Chimpanzee 66 TheGreat Step 66 TheLaetoliFootprints 74 TheMysteryof Mysteries of Human Evolution 76 Portrait of the Entire Body of an Australopithecine 78 6 Paranthropus – Hominids of the Open Plains 87 TheEmergence and Distributionof Paranthropus 87 TheSpecialist 94 7 A New Kind of Hominid 97 TheFirst Humans 97 TheStone Cutters 98 TheDiversification of Homo 102 Ready for the Great Leap 105 Family Relationships 107 TheScience of Relationships 110 TheHominid Tree 112 8 The Evolution of the Brain 116 TheOrganof Intelligence 116 Large andSmallBrains 117 World Champions of Encephalization 120 Weighing Ghosts 120 TheBrain Size of Fossil Hominids 123 Surface Area of the Brain 124 TheSize of the Intellect 127 vi Arsuaga/ChosenSpecies 1405115327-1-toc FinalProof page 7 8.6.2005 5:18pm Contents 9 Teeth, Guts, Hands, Brain 129 Types of Diet 129 CarnivorousandHerbivorous Mammals 132 TheTeeth of Primates 134 TheTeeth of the First Hominids 136 Size of the Molars and Shape of the Hand 138 Gutsand Brain 142 10 Development 145 TheRhythm ofthe Molars 145 Birth and the Newborn 146 Childhoodand Adolescence 152 11 Social Intelligence 155 TheUnexciting Sex Life of the FemaleOrangutan 155 Behavior as Adaptation 156 ComparativeSociobiology of Hominoids 158 Natural Selection and Sexual Selection 160 BipedalandMonogamous from the Beginning? 162 Brain Size and Size of SocialGroup 169 Summary 171 Part II A New Home 177 12 New Locations for Human Evolution 179 Homo erectus and the Settlementof Asia 179 TheFirst Europeans 182 Gran Dolinaand the First Europeans 184 Prehistoric Cannibalism 186 Homo antecessor 187 Human Evolutionin Europe during the Middle Pleistocene 190 ThePit ofBones 192 13 The Neanderthals 197 TheWayThey Were 197 Life and Death among the Neanderthals 205 TheBeginning andEnd of the Neanderthals 208 vii Arsuaga/ChosenSpecies 1405115327-1-toc FinalProof page 8 8.6.2005 5:18pm Contents 14 The Origins of Modern Humanity: The Fossil Evidence 212 Neanderthals and Modern Humans 212 Two Intelligent HumanSpecies 216 TheLevant:A Crossroads 219 Tothe EasternmostEdge of Asia 222 TheAfrican Origin of Homo sapiens 223 15 The Origins of Modern Humanity: The Genetic Evidence 226 A Brilliant Idea 226 TheMolecules of Inheritance 228 Black Eve 229 An Adam for Eve 231 TheOther Chromosomes 232 PleistocenePark 233 Fossils and Molecules 235 Standards of Beauty 237 16 The Origins of Human Language 239 King Solomon’s Ring 239 Language and Brain 241 TheChoking Primate 243 TheProduction of Speech 244 TheFossils Speak 247 Group Selection andthe Extinction of the Neanderthals 249 TheCrooked Lines of Natural Selection 253 17 The Meaning of Evolution 255 TheAction Replay of Life 255 Organizationand Chaos 261 Epilogue 264 TheNever-ending Story 264 Bibliography 268 Index 275 viii Arsuaga/ChosenSpecies 1405115327-1-posttoc FinalProof page 9 4.6.2005 2:31pm For nowconsider,likethezoologistsandtheanatomists, that man has more of the ape than of the angel, and that he has few grounds for vanity or conceit. Santiago Ramo´n y Cajal
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