The Chinese World Order: Traditional China’s Foreign Relations PDF
Preview The Chinese World Order: Traditional China’s Foreign Relations
THE CHINESE WORLD ORDER HARVARD EAST ASIAN SERIES 32 The East Asian Research Center at Harvard University administers research projects designed to further scholarly understanding of China, Korea, Japan, and adjacent areas. THE C H I N E SE Traditional HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS WORLD O R D ER Chinas Foreign Relations Edited by J O HN K I NG FAIRBANK WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY Ta-tuan Ch'en Mark Mancall Hae-jong Chun Robert K. Sakai John K. Fairbank Benjamin I. Schwartz David Farquhar Chusei Suzuki Joseph F. Fletcher Wang Gungwu Truong Buu Lam John E. Wilis, Jr. Lien-sheng Yang CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 1968 © Copyright 1968 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Distributed in Great Britain by Oxford University Press Preparation of this volume has been aided by a grant from the Ford Foundation Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 68-14255 Printed in the United States of America This volume is dedicated by the other contributors to the Harvard- Yenching Professor of Chinese History LIEN-SHENG YANG ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This volume deals with an ambiguous, multi-cultural, and multi-biblio- graphic subject, which has consequently lent itself to development through panels and symposia: first, a session on "The Traditional International Order in East Asia" at the 1963 meeting of the Association for Asian Studies in Philadelphia; later, a session on "The Chinese World Order" at the 1965 meeting of the American Historical Association in San Fran- cisco. Messrs. Fairbank, Farquhar, Fletcher, Mancall, and Wills partici- pated in both these panels. However, the essays and case studies now presented in this volume were principally discussed in a week-long con- ference at Endicott House, the estate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Dedham, Massachusetts, in September 1965. This prolonged and systematic interchange among scholars from several countries per- mitted the making of many comparisons and agreement on many defini- tions of terms. This in turn produced a degree of consensus on several points but also inspired considerable reworking of the papers. We wish to record our particular indebtedness to Professor Shinobu Iwamura, presently director of the Center for Southeast Asian Studies at Kyoto University, who took time from his duties in this field to join us in his older role as a specialist in Mongol studies. The conference rapporteur, Professor David Hamilton of the Department of History at the University of Iowa, made a signal contribution to the clarity and consistency of our formulations, and the special editor of this volume, Mrs. Elizabeth Mac- Leod Matheson, has brought into a common order researches of very dis- parate backgrounds. This conference as a year-long enterprise was made possible by the support of the Ford Foundation. Over the long term we have also been indebted to Professor Owen Lattimore, now of the University of Leeds, whose Inner Asian Frontiers of China (1940) did so much to stimulate this field of inquiry, and to Professor Tatsuro Yamamoto of the University of Tokyo, similarly a pioneer in Vietnamese studies. Both participated in the 1963 panel. We are also in- debted to Professor Stanley Hoffmann of Harvard, who joined in the 1965 panel. CONTENTS A PRELIMINARY FRAMEWORK / John K. Fairbank 1 Sinocentrism and Its Problems A Set of Assumptions: The Origin and Growth of the Chinese World Order Aims and Means: The Diversity of Practice in China's Foreign Relations Highlights of This Volume HISTORICAL NOTES ON THE CHINESE WORLD ORDER/ Lien-sheng Yang 20 The Sinocentric World Order: Myth and Reality Kuo Sung-tao: "An Investigation of Reality in the History of Frontier Pacification" The Classical Confucian Tradition on Dealing with Non-Chinese Ideas on Frontier Pacification in the Imperial Era The Chi-mi or "Loose Rein" Policy: A Historical Survey EARLY MING RELATIONS WITH SOUTHEAST ASIA: A BACKGROUND ESSAY/ Wang Gungwu 34 The Myth of Superiority: Its Origin The Myth of Superiority in the Major Histories Southern Sung and Yuan in Contrast The Idea of Impartiality The Idea of Inclusiveness Superiority versus Equality Contents THE CH'ING TRIBUTE SYSTEM: AN INTERPRE- TIVE ESSAY / Mark Mancall 63 The Chinese Idea of Tribute and Its Acceptance Abroad The Ch'ing View of the World outside China The Relationship between Tribute and Trade The Nature of Tributary Trade Early Ch'ing Foreign Trade Policies SINO-KOREAN TRIBUTARY RELATIONS IN THE CH'ING PERIOD / Hae-jong Chun 90 Korean Embassies to China The Kinds of Embassies and Their Duties · Appointment and Composition of an Embassy · Preparation for Departure · The Route · Ceremonies and Activities in Peking · Reports to the King · Frequency of Embassies Chinese Embassies to Korea Economic Aspects of the Tributary Relationship Tributary Goods and Imperial Gifts · Gifts to Embassy Members · Travel Expenses of Embassies · Trade A Brief Evaluation of the Tributary Relationship THE RYUKYU (LIU-CH'IU) ISLANDS AS A FIEF OF SATSUMA / Robert K. Sakai 112 Early Satsuma-Ryukyu Relations up to the Invasion of 1609 Satsuma's Surveillance over the Ryukyus Ryukyuan Tributary Relations with Japan Satsuma's Differentiation of the Islands Satsuma's Economic Motivation and the Trade with China viii Contents INVESTITURE OF LIU-CH'IU KINGS IN THE CH'ING PERIOD / Ta-tuan Ch'en 135 Liu-ch'iu's Request for Investiture Formation of the Investiture Mission Scholar-Officials' Views on the Voyage Preparations in Shuri The Investiture Ceremonies The Investiture Missions' Concomitant Trading Activities at Naha Cultural Activities The Chinese and Liu-ch'iuan Views of Their Relationship INTERVENTION VERSUS TRIBUTE IN SINO- VIETNAMESE RELATIONS, 1788-1790/ Truong Buu Lam 165 The Rise of the Täyson Rebellion The Ch'ing Intervention of 1788 The Settlement of the Incident The Vietnamese King's Visit to Peking The Pattern of Sino-Vietnamese Relations CHINA'S RELATIONS WITH INNER ASIA: THE HSIUNG-NU, TIBET / Chusei Suzuki 180 The Weakness of the Imperial Virtue in Inner Asia Power Relations between the Han and the Hsiung-nu Ch'ing-Tibetan Relations before the Mid-nineteenth Century THE ORIGINS OF THE MANCHUS' MONGOLIAN POLICY / David M. Farquhar 198 ix Contents CHINA AND CENTRAL ASIA, 1368-1884 /Joseph F. Fletcher 206 "Tribute" from Central Asia Chu Ti and Shährukh Bahadur Tribute and Trade: Traditional Relations to 1755 The Manchus and the Khojas: China Takes a Piece of Central Asia CH'ING RELATIONS WITH THE DUTCH, 1662- 1690/ John E. Wills, Jr. 225 A Chronicle of Sino-Dutch Contact Motivation and Conflict in Sino-Dutch Relations The Chinese Diplomatic Tradition THE EARLY TREATY SYSTEM IN THE CHINESE WORLD ORDER / John K. Fairbank 257 A New Look at the Mid-century The Treaties' Continuity with Chinese Tradition The Long Twilight of the Tribute System Tradition in the Use of Western Warriors An Interpretation: Power Structure and Culture THE CHINESE PERCEPTION OF WORLD ORDER, PAST AND PRESENT / Benjamin I. Schwartz 276 NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES 291 GLOSSARY 383 INDEX 391 χ
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