ebook img

The Chemistry of Life PDF

73 Pages·2016·9.95 MB·English
by  
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview The Chemistry of Life

C he m i s t r y T h e C e n T r a l S C i e n C e 13Th ediTion C h e m i s t r y T h e C e n T r a l S C i e n C e 13Th ediTion Theodore L. Brown University of illinois at Urbana-Champaign H. Eugene LeMay, Jr. University of Nevada, reno Bruce E. Bursten University of tennessee, Knoxville Catherine J. Murphy University of illinois at Urbana-Champaign Patrick M. Woodward the Ohio state University Matthew W. Stoltzfus the Ohio state University Boston Columbus indianapolis new York San Francisco Upper Saddle river amsterdam Cape Town dubai london Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editor in Chief, Chemistry: Adam Jaworski Senior Acquisitions Editor: Terry Haugen Acquisitions Editor: Chris Hess, Ph.D. Executive Marketing Manager: Jonathan Cottrell Associate Team Lead, Program Management, Chemistry and Geoscience: Jessica Moro Editorial Assistant: Lisa Tarabokjia/Caitlin Falco Marketing Assistant: Nicola Houston Director of Development: Jennifer Hart Development Editor, Text: Carol Pritchard-Martinez Team Lead, Project Management, Chemistry and Geosciences: Gina M. Cheselka Project Manager: Beth Sweeten Full-Service Project Management/Composition: Greg Johnson, PreMediaGlobal Operations Specialist: Christy Hall Illustrator: Precision Graphics Art Director: Mark Ong Interior / Cover Designer: Tamara Newnam Image Lead: Maya Melenchuk Photo Researcher: Kerri Wilson, PreMediaGlobal Text Permissions Manager: Alison Bruckner Text Permission Researcher: Jacqueline Bates, GEX Publishing Services Senior Content Producer: Kristin Mayo Production Supervisor, Media: Shannon Kong Electrostatic Potential Maps: Richard Johnson, Chemistry Department, University of New Hampshire Cover Image Credit: “Metal-Organic Frameworks” by Omar M. Yaghi, University of California, Berkeley Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within the text or on pp. P-1–P-2. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1997, 1994, 1991, 1988, 1985, 1981, 1977 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1 Lake Street, Department 1G, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-In Publication Data Brown, Theodore L. (Theodore Lawrence), 1928- author. Chemistry the central science.—Thirteenth edition / Theodore L. Brown, University of Illinois at Urbana-Chanmpaign, H. Euguene LeMay, Jr., University of Nevada, Reno, Bruce E. Bursten, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Catherine J. Murphy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Chanmpaign, Patrick M. Woodward, The Ohio State University, Matthew W. Stoltzfus, The Ohio State University. pages cm Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-321-91041-7 ISBN-10: 0-321-91041-9 1. Chemistry--Textbooks. I. Title. QD31.3.B765 2014 540—dc23 2013036724 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—CRK— 17 16 15 14 Student Edition: 0-321-91041-9 / 978-0-321-91041-7 www.pearsonhighered.com Instructor’s Resource Copy: 0-321-96239-7 / 978-0-321-96239-3 To our students, whose enthusiasm and curiosity have often inspired us, and whose questions and suggestions have sometimes taught us. Student Edition: 0-321-91041-9 / 978-0-321-91041-7 Instructor’s Resource Copy: 0-321-96239-7 / 978-0-321-96239-3 BRIEF CONTENTS Preface  xx 1 Introduction: Matter and Measurement  2 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions  40 3 Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry  80 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution  122 5 Thermochemistry  164 6 Electronic Structure of Atoms  212 7 Periodic Properties of the Elements  256 8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding  298 9 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories  342 10 Gases  398 11 Liquids and Intermolecular Forces  442 12 Solids and Modern Materials  480 13 Properties of Solutions  530 14 Chemical Kinetics  574 15 Chemical Equilibrium  628 16 Acid–Base Equilibria  670 17 Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria  724 18 Chemistry of the Environment  774 19 Chemical Thermodynamics  812 20 Electrochemistry  856 21 Nuclear Chemistry  908 22 Chemistry of the Nonmetals  952 23 Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry  996 24 The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry  1040 APPENdICES   A Mathematical Operations  1092 B Properties of Water  1099 C Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 298.15 K (25 °C)  1100 D Aqueous Equilibrium Constants  1103 E Standard Reduction Potentials at 25 °C  1105 Answers to Selected Exercises  A-1 Answers to Give It Some Thought  A-31 Answers to Go Figure  A-38 Answers to Selected Practice Exercises  A-44 Glossary  G-1 Photo/Art Credits  P-1 Index  I-1 vi CONTENTS Preface  xx 2 Atoms, Molecules, 1 Introduction: Matter and Ions  40 and Measurement   2 2.1 The Atomic Theory of Matter  42 2.2 The discovery of Atomic Structure  43 1.1 The Study of Chemistry  2 Cathode Rays and Electrons  43 The Atomic and Molecular Perspective of Radioactivity  45 The Nuclear Model of the Chemistry  4 Why Study Chemistry?  5 Atom  46 1.2 Classifications of Matter  6 2.3 The Modern View of Atomic Structure  47 States of Matter  7 Pure Substances  7 Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, and Elements  7 Compounds  8 Mixtures  10 Isotopes  49 1.3 Properties of Matter  11 2.4 Atomic Weights  50 Physical and Chemical Changes  12 The Atomic Mass Scale  50 Atomic Weight  51 Separation of Mixtures  13 2.5 The Periodic Table  52 1.4 Units of Measurement  14 2.6 Molecules and Molecular SI Units  15 Length and Mass  17 Compounds  56 Temperature  17 derived SI Units  19 Molecules and Chemical Formulas  56 Volume  19 density  19 Molecular and Empirical Formulas  56 1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement  22 Picturing Molecules  57 Precision and Accuracy  22 Significant 2.7 Ions and Ionic Compounds  58 Figures  22 Significant Figures in Predicting Ionic Charges  59 Ionic Calculations  22 Compounds  60 1.6 dimensional Analysis  27 2.8 Naming Inorganic Compounds  62 Using Two or More Conversion Factors  28 Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds  62 Conversions Involving Volume  29 Names and Formulas of Acids  67 Names and Chapter Summary and Key Terms  32 Formulas of Binary Molecular Compounds  68 Learning Outcomes  32 Key Equations  32 Exercises  32 Additional 2.9 Some Simple Organic Compounds  69 Exercises  37 Alkanes  69 Some derivatives of Alkanes  70 Chemistry Put to Work Chemistry and the Chapter Summary and Key Terms  72 Chemical Industry  6 Learning Outcomes  72 Key Equations  73 Exercises  73 A Closer Look The Scientific Method  14 Additional Exercises  78 Chemistry Put to Work Chemistry in the News  20 A Closer Look Basic Forces  49 Strategies in Chemistry Estimating Answers  28 A Closer Look The Mass Spectrometer  52 Strategies in Chemistry The Importance of A Closer Look What Are Coins Made Of?  54 Practice  31 Chemistry and Life Elements Required by Living Strategies in Chemistry The Features of This Organisms  61 Book  32 Strategies in Chemistry How to Take a Test  71 vii viii Contents Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes  124 How Compounds dissolve in Water  125 Strong and Weak Electrolytes  126 4.2 Precipitation Reactions  128 3 Solubility Guidelines for Ionic Chemical Reactions Compounds  129 Exchange (Metathesis) Reactions  130 Ionic Equations and Spectator and Reaction Ions  131 Stoichiometry 4.3 Acids, Bases, and Neutralization   80 Reactions  132 3.1 Chemical Equations  82 Acids  132 Bases  133 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases  133 Identifying Strong Balancing Equations  82 Indicating the States and Weak Electrolytes  135 Neutralization of Reactants and Products  85 Reactions and Salts  135 Neutralization 3.2 Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity  86 Reactions with Gas Formation  138 Combination and decomposition 4.4 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions  138 Reactions  86 Combustion Reactions  89 Oxidation and Reduction  138 Oxidation 3.3 Formula Weights  89 Numbers  140 Oxidation of Metals by Acids Formula and Molecular Weights  90 and Salts  142 The Activity Series  143 Percentage Composition from Chemical 4.5 Concentrations of Solutions  146 Formulas  91 Molarity  146 Expressing the Concentration 3.4 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole  91 of an Electrolyte  147 Interconverting Molarity, Molar Mass  93 Interconverting Masses Moles, and Volume  148 dilution  149 and Moles  95 Interconverting Masses and 4.6 Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Numbers of Particles  96 Analysis  151 3.5 Empirical Formulas from Analyses  98 Titrations  152 Molecular Formulas from Empirical Chapter Summary and Key Terms  155 Formulas  100 Combustion Analysis  101 Learning Outcomes  156 Key 3.6 Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations  156 Exercises  156 Equations  103 Additional Exercises  161 Integrative Exercises  161 design an 3.7 Limiting Reactants  106 Experiment  163 Theoretical and Percent Yields  109 Chemistry Put to Work Antacids  139 Chapter Summary and Key Terms  111 Strategies in Chemistry Analyzing Chemical Learning Outcomes  111 Key Equations  112 Exercises  112 Additional Exercises  118 Reactions  146 Integrative Exercises  120 design an Experiment  120 Strategies in Chemistry Problem Solving  92 Chemistry and Life Glucose Monitoring  95 Strategies in Chemistry Design an 5 Experiment  110 Thermochemistry   164 5.1 Energy  166 Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy  166 Units of Energy  168 System and 4 Surroundings  169 Transferring Energy: Work and Heat  169 Reactions in Aqueous 5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics  170 Solution   122 Internal Energy  171 Relating ∆E to Heat and Work  172 Endothermic and Exothermic 4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Processes  173 State Functions  174 Solutions  124 Contents ix 5.3 Enthalpy  175 Orbitals and Quantum Numbers  228 Pressure–Volume Work  175 Enthalpy 6.6 Representations of Orbitals  230 Change  177 The s Orbitals  230 The p Orbitals  233 5.4 Enthalpies of Reaction  179 The d and f Orbitals  233 6.7 Many-Electron Atoms  234 5.5 Calorimetry  181 Orbitals and Their Energies  234 Electron Spin Heat Capacity and Specific Heat  181 and the Pauli Exclusion Principle  235 Constant-Pressure Calorimetry  183 Bomb Calorimetry (Constant-Volume 6.8 Electron Configurations  237 Calorimetry)  185 Hund’s Rule  237 Condensed Electron 5.6 Hess’s Law  187 Configurations  239 Transition Metals  240 The Lanthanides and 5.7 Enthalpies of Formation  189 Actinides  240 Using Enthalpies of Formation to Calculate 6.9 Electron Configurations and the Enthalpies of Reaction  192 Periodic Table  241 5.8 Foods and Fuels  194 Anomalous Electron Configurations  245 Foods  194 Fuels  197 Other Energy Chapter Summary and Key Terms  246 Sources  198 Learning Outcomes  247 Key Equations  247 Exercises  248 Additional Exercises  252 Chapter Summary and Key Terms  200 Integrative Exercises  255 design an Learning Outcomes  201 Key Equations  202 Experiment  255 Exercises  202 Additional Exercises  209 Integrative Exercises  210 design an A Closer Look Measurement and the Uncertainty Experiment  211 Principle  225 A Closer Look Energy, Enthalpy, and P–V A Closer Look Thought Experiments and Work  178 Schrödinger’s Cat  227 Strategies in Chemistry Using Enthalpy as a A Closer Look Probability Density and Radial Guide  181 Probability Functions  232 Chemistry and Life Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Chemistry and Life The Regulation of Body Resonance Imaging  236 Temperature  186 Chemistry Put to Work The Scientific and Political Challenges of Biofuels  198 7 Periodic Properties of 6 the Elements   256 Electronic Structure of 7.1 development of the Periodic Atoms   212 Table  258 7.2 Effective Nuclear Charge  259 6.1 The Wave Nature of Light  214 7.3 Sizes of Atoms and Ions  262 6.2 Quantized Energy and Photons  216 Periodic Trends in Atomic Radii  264 Periodic Hot Objects and the Quantization of Energy  216 Trends in Ionic Radii  265 The Photoelectric Effect and Photons  217 7.4 Ionization Energy  268 6.3 Line Spectra and the Bohr Model  219 Variations in Successive Ionization Line Spectra  219 Bohr’s Model  220 Energies  268 Periodic Trends in First The Energy States of the Hydrogen Atom  221 Ionization Energies  268 Electron Limitations of the Bohr Model  223 Configurations of Ions  271 6.4 The Wave Behavior of Matter  223 7.5 Electron Affinity  272 The Uncertainty Principle  225 7.6 Metals, Nonmetals, and 6.5 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Metalloids  273 Orbitals  226 Metals  274 Nonmetals  276 Metalloids  277

Description:
Boston Columbus indianapolis new York San Francisco Upper Saddle river amsterdam Cape Town 1 Introduction: Matter and Measurement 2. 2 Atoms, Molecules . Metals 240 The Lanthanides and. Actinides 240. 6.9 Electron
See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.