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THE CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF PAINTS By MAXIMILIAN TOCH AUTHOR OF "materials FOR PERMANENT PAINTING," ETC., ETC, WITH PHOTOMICROGRAPHIC PLATES 83 AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS SECOND REVISED EDITION NEW YORK VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY D. 1916 -r? COPYRIGHT, 1907, BY VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY D. COPYRIGHT, 191 6, BY VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY D. THE-PLIMPTON PRESS NORWOOD-MASS--U-S-A THEGEnyCENTS* LIBRARV PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION The difficulty which I encountered in writing this book was not how much to write but how much to omit, for I found on compihng my notes that I could very easily have made two volumes, each larger than the present one, and still would not have covered the ground thoroughly. It is for this reason that I have omitted many of the pigments which are rarely used, and have paid no attention whatever to the pigments which have gone out of use. I have not considered it desirable to use any space in this book with extended repetition o*^ matter that can be found in other books of reference, for I have so much matter which is the result of original research that very few references are cited. This being the first book ever written on the subject of mixed paints, I am cognizant of the fact that there are many matters in it which I shall have to alter in future editions, and many subjects upon which I shall have to enlarge, It must be borne in mind that mixed paint is demanded by a progressive civilization and that there are no two manufacturers who make identically the same mixtures. As time changes, the progressive manufacturer alters his formulas, and an indication of this is that the original mixed paints were mostly emulsions and soap solutions, whereas today the tendency is toward purity and improvement, and one manufacturer tries to outdo the other in making a paint that will last, the ideal paint, however, being never reached. 3 4 PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION This volume is intended for the student in chemistry who desires to famiharize himself with paint, or the engineer who desires a better knowledge of the subject, or for the paint manufacturer and paint chemist as a work of reference. It is not intended for those who have no previous knowledge or training in the subject. Some of the chapters in this book are taken from my lectures delivered at various universities, and others are extracts from lectures delivered before scientific bodies. One of the objects which I have had in view during the entire time I have been writing this book is to familiarize the student in chemistry, or the post-graduate, with the science and technology of modern paints, so that in a very short time the chemist unfamiliar with the subject may obtain sufficient knowledge to make a reasonable examination of paint. The chapter on linseed oil illustrates this, and my researches and theories on the difference between raw and boiled linseed oil are here published for the first time. From the formulas and disquisition on the subject it can be easily seen that if raw linseed oil be taken as a standard nearly all comparisons fail if boiled linseed oil is under examination. 320 Fifth A\'enue New York, 1907 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION Since the first edition of this book was pubHshed the efforts of a large number of technical men working in this field have resulted in very important advances both in the production of new pigments, oils and special paints and in the scientific elucidation of many obscure phenomena in paint technology. Improvements have also been made in the method of manufacture as well as in the quality of many of the older pigments. Advances have also been made in the discovery and utilization of a number of oils which have not heretofore found extended use in the paint trade. These important advances have necessitated rewriting most of the book and the addition of new matter to the ex- tent of doubling its size. Some of the important additions which may be worthy of mention are, standard specifica- tions for pigments and oils; new special paints and driers; the theory of corrosion of iron and steel and its prevention as well as the action of fungi on paints; the important subject of the hygiene of workmen; detailed methods of analy- sis of paints and paint materials as well as tables of constants of such materials. Undoubtedly the chemical manufacturer and the chemical student who intends to become proficient in paint chemistry will find it essential to read a great deal of the past as well as the current technical literature of the subject, but it is the hope of the author that this book will give the student a comprehensive survey of the progress already made and furnish a foundation for further improvement. MAXIMILIAN TOCH 320 Fifth Aventje New York July, 1916 5 CONTENTS Preface to First Edition 3 Preface to Second Edition 5 Introduction 13 CHAPTER I The Manufacture OF Mixed Paints 18 . CHAPTER II The White Pigments 26 — — — White Lead. Sulphate of Le—ad. SubHmed —White Lead.— Standar—d Zinc Lead White. Ozark White. Zinc Oxid. Zinox. Lithopone. CHAPTER III The Oxids—of Lead — S3 Litharge. Red Lead. Blue Lead. _^ CHAPTER IV The Red Pigments 62 — — — Venetian Red—s. Indian Red. Permanent Vermilion. Helio Fast Red. Lithol Red. CHAPTER V The Brown Pigments 71 — — Am—erican Burnt Si—enna. Italian Burnt Sienna. Burnt Umber. —Burnt Ochre. Prince's Metallic or Princess MineralBrown. Vandyke Brown. — 8 CONTENTS CHAPTER VI The Yellow Pigments — — Americ—an Yellow Ochre. French Yellow Ochre. Chrome Yel- low. Chromate ofZinc. CHAPTER VII The Blue Pigments — — Ultramarine Blue. Artificial Cobalt Blue. Prussian Blue. CHAPTER VIII The Green Pigments — — Chrome Green—, Chromium Oxid. Green Aniline Lakes. Zinc Green. Verte Antique (Copper Green). . CHAPTER IX The Black Pigments — — La—mpblack.— CarbonBlack.——Graphite.—Char—coal. VineBlac—k. Coal. Ivo—ry Black. Drop—Black. Black Toner. Benzol Black. Acetylene Black. Mineral Black. CHAPTER X The Inert Fillers and Extenders — — — Barytes.— Artificial Barium —Sulphate. B—arium Carbonate. — Silica.— Infusorial—Earth. Ki—eselguhr. Fuller's E—arth. Clay. Asbestine—. Asbestos. —Calcium Carbonate. White Mineral Primer. M—arble Dust. Spanish White.—Artificial Calcium Carbonate. Gypsum. CHAPTER XI Mixed Paints — Anti-fouling and S—hip's Bottom Paints. Concrete or—Portland Cement Paints. —Paint Containing—Portland Cement. —Damp- Resistin—g Paints. Enamel Paints. Flat WaU Paints. Floor Paints. Shingle Stain and Shingle Paint. CHAPTER XII Linseed Oil — LinseedOil. StandardSpecif—ications,AmericanSocietyforTesting Materials for Linseed—Oil. U. S.—Navy Department Specifica- tions forLinseed Oil. Stand Oil. Japanner's PrussianBrown Oil.