The chemical resistance of polyhexamethylene adipamide

218 Pages·06.416 MB·English

by  Donohue, Ruth Olive

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I
THE CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF POLYHEXAMETHYLENE AD IP AMIDE
by
Ruth Olive Donohue
A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty
for the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Major Subject: Textile Chemistry
Approved:
7?^ L l
In Charge' o£LMajor Work
Head^f or Department
Dean of Graduate Co
Iowa State College
1942
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
UMI Number: DP12475
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P.O. Box 1346
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T f;>l69 ii
D7r'K.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION................................... 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE.................................... 2
Production of Nylons .............................. 2
Properties of Commercial Nylon .................... 7
Uses of Commercial Nylon .......... . . . . . . . 14
ANALYSIS OF THIS FABRIC................................. 17
Materials.................................... 17
Analyses......................................... 21
A s h ......................................... 21
Attempted acetylation of nylon ............... 22
Attempted diazotization of nylon .............. 22
Breaking strength and elongation of
fabric at breaking load . . . . . . . . . 23
Dichroism................................... 25
Distribution of yarns by number ........... 26
Distribution of yarns by weight ........... 27
Melting point ............................... 28
Microscopic examination ..................... 29
Moisture ............................... 29
Qualitative tests for sulfur . ................ 30
quantitative estimation of carbon and hydrogen 31
Quantitative estimation of nitrogen ....... 33
Quantitative estimation of titanium....... 34
Thickness of fabric....................... 42
Twist of y a r n ............................... 42
Weight of fabric............................. 43
Yarn number................................ 44
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ................................. 45
Materials....................................... 45
Mordanting...................................... 50
Preparation of samples....................... 50
Determination of p H ......................... 50
Treatment of the fabric with aluminum sulfate. 51
Treatment of the fabric with
potassium dichromate...................... 51
T 7 £ 0 4
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lii
Table of Contents (Continued)
Page
Heat .......................................... 60
Treatment of breaking-strength
specimens with dry heat................. 60
Treatment of fabric with s t e a m ............. 62
L i g h t ................. 65
Chemical treatment of breaking-
strength specimens.................... 65
Exposure of breaking-strength specimens
to ultra-violetl ight ................... 67
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS................................ 76
SUMMARY . .......................................... 93
LITERATURE CITED.................................... 96
PATENT INDEX....................................... 118
ACKNOWLEDGMENT........................................ 138
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1
- -
INTRODUCTION
This investigation v/as undertaken to obtain quanti­
tative information about the chemical resistance of fi­
brous polyhexamethylene adipamlde.
1 *■— ■ i»i»n - BwroinnTrriiiiirnmn.........
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2
- -
HEVIEW OF LITERATURE
Production of Nylons
The production of a nylon which may be used as a textile
was a development of ten yearsf investigation of high polymeric
reactions by W. H. Carothers and his coworkers for E. I. du
Pont de Nemours and Company (79, 80, 81, 152).
Carothers and Hill (84) first succeeded in preparing fila­
ments from linear superpolyesters (molecular weight, 10,000 to
12,000) made by heating ^-polyesters (molecular weight, 800 to
5000) in a molecular still (75* 83). Fisoher and others (102,
105, 170) had previously prepared polyamides through the conden­
sation of ^L-amino acids or their derivatives, but these produots
had shown no fibrous oharacteristics. Carothers and Hill (82,
86) next reported that a super polyamide from &_-aminooaproio acid
was too insoluble and too infusible for spinning but that a
mixed polyester-polyamide polymer yielded a considerably stronger
filament (85, U. S. Patents 2,071,250 and 2,224,037). Although
strong and pliable filaments were also obtained from to-super-
polyanhydrides and superpolyacetals, none of these filaments
was found to have suitable textile properties (123, 124, U. S.
Patent 2,071,252).
Carothers and his coworkers continued to Investigate the
production of polyamides. British Patent 461,236 describes the
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