The Cerebral Microvasculature: Investigation of the Blood—Brain Barrier

340 Pages·1980·20.014 MB·English

by  A. L. Betz, G. W. Goldstein (auth.), Howard M. Eisenberg, Robert L. Suddith (eds.)

THE CEREBRAL
MICROVASCULATURE
Investigation of the Blood-Brain Barrier
ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Editorial Board:
NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo
N. R. DI LUZIO, Tulane Unit'ersity School of Medicine
EPHRAIM KATCHALSKI-KATZIR, The Weizmann Institute of Science
DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, Wistar Institute
ABEL LAJTHA, New York State Research Institute for Neurochemistry and Drug Addiction
RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan
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THE CEREBRAL
MICROVASCULATURE
Investigation of the Blood-Brain Barrier
Edited by
Howard M. Eisenberg and
Robert L. Suddith
The University of Texas
Galveston, Texas
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
World Congress for Microcirculation, 2d, Galveston, 1979.
The cerebral microvasculature.
(Advances in experimental medicine and biology; v. 131)
"Proceedings of the Second World Congress for Microcirculation, held in Galveston,
Texas, July 29-31, 1979."
Includes index.
1. Blood-brain barrier - Congresses. 2. Capillaries - Permeability - Congresses. I.
Eisenberg, Howard M. II. Suddith, R. L. III. Title. IV. Series. [DNLM: 1. Blood-brain
barrier - Congresses. 2. Biological transport, Active - Congresses. 3. Microcircula
tion - Congresses. WI AD559 v.131fWL200 C4145 1979J
QP375.5W67 1979 612'.825 80-36736
ISBN 978-1-4684-3754-6 ISBN 978-1-4684-3752-2 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978-1-4684-3752-2
Proceedings of the Second World Congress for Microcirculation,
held in Galveston, Texas, July 29-31, 1979.
© 1980 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1980
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. lOOn
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
FOREWORD
As traced by Uichael Bradbury in his recently published
monograph, The Concept of a BZood-Brain Barrier, the idea of
a scientific challenge is just about as old as the twentieth
century. Curiously, it remains undefined. Is it a structure
or structures as some use the term, or is it a reciprocal per
meability, a force-flow relationship, as do others, or is it a
group of processes, some more specialized than others? Depend
ing upon the observer, the method, and what is observed, it
seems to be each of these or all.
This Symposium takes as its focus of interest the micro
vasculature of the brain and includes considerations of blood
flow, the properties of vessel walls and the control of flow
and permeability. In addition perturbations that change the
characteristics of the flow of materials are given attention.
By changing the usual focus of interest, the organizers,
Drs. Suddith and Eisenberg, have given a fresh outlook to the
subject and now, by publication of the Proceedings, have
arranged for wide availability of these interesting papers.
Keasley Welch
v
PREFACE
A symposium on the cerebral microvasculature and its function
in the blood-brain barrier was held at The University of Texas
Medical Branch, Galveston, in the summer of 1979. Investigators
from the United States and Europe met to discuss their recent work.
Several important recent advances in this area of investigation
added great interest to the Symposium. In addition, observations
derived from experiments which studied similar facets of the same
problem, but using different methodology, could be compared. The
focus was on the cerebral microvasculature, since it is now known
that the blood-brain barrier is totally, or at least to a very
large extent, explained by special characteristics of the endothe
lial lining of these blood vessels. These endothelial cells,
joined by tight junctions and under normal conditions containing
few, if any, pinocytotic vessicles, form a continuous membrane
without pores or channels.
Recognizing that the barrier restricts the movement of many
solutes, attention has now turned to the processes by which
solutes in the blood gain access to the brain. In the sixties
and early seventies, the development of techniques by Crone and
Oldendorf, using tracers in in vivo models, led to the idea that
certain solutes gain access to the brain by special transport
systems. More recently, methods first described by Brendel and
his coworkers have provided an opportunity to study isolated
brain microvessels, so that these special transport systems can
be studied at the barrier itself.
The Symposium published in this book is divided into two
sections. The first is TRANSPORT PROPERTIES AND PERMEABILITY
and the second is PERTURBATION OF THE BARRIER. The assistance
of several people was required for the organization of the
meeting and the publication of the book. We would particularly
like to acknowledge the generous help and advice of Dr. William
Levin, President of The University of Texas Medical Branch,
Dr. George Bryan, Dean of Medicine, Dr. James C. Thompson,
~i
viii PREFACE
Chairman of the Department of Surgery, and Dr. Robert G. Grossman
Chief of the Division of Neurosurgery. Financial assistance was
generously provided by the Department of Surgery, the Division of
Neurosurgery, and the Dean's Office of The University of Texas
Medical Branch. The Symposium was a satellite meeting of The
Second World Congress on Microcirculation. Dr. Arnost Fronek,
Chairman of the Satellite Meetings, helped with publicity.
Thanks are also due to Ms. Diane Harding, Ms. Earline Goss and
Ms. Susan Crawford for their assistance in making arrangements
for the meeting and for typing the manuscripts. The assistance
of Ms. Julie Gips was indispensable in planning the layout of
the book and in helping with the final typing.
Howard M. Eisenberg
Robert L. Suddith
CONTENTS
Foreword v
Preface vi
SECTION I: TRANSPORT PROPERTIES AND PERMEABILITY 1
Introduction
3
The Basis for Active Transport at the Blood-Brain
Barrier 5
A.L. Betz~ G.W. Goldstein
Studies of Cerebral Capillary Endothelial Membrane . 17
L.D. Drewes~ W.A. Lidinsky
Biochemical Characteristics of Cerebral Capillaries 29
B.B. M2sulja~ B.M. Djuricic
Characteristics of Some Monoamine Uptake Systems
in Isolated Cerebral Capillaries 45
T. K. W.D. I. M. Spatz
Abe~ Abe~ Rausch~ Klatzo~
Transport of Sodium and Potassium across the
Blood-Brain Barrier 57
H.M. Eisenberg~ R.L. Suddith~ J.S. Crawford
Some Properties of Isolated Endothelial Cells
in Culture . 69
L.E. DeBault~ P.A. Cancilla
Induction of y-Glutamyl Transpeptidase in Isolated
Cerebral Endothelial Cells . 79
L.E. DeBault~ P.A. Cancilla
ix
CONTENTS
Vascular Basement Membranes: Preparation and
Properties of Material Isolated with the Use
of Detergents 89
K. Brendel, E. Meezan
The Indicator Extraction Technique. A Method
for Studying the Blood-Retinal Barriers 105
P. Tornquist
Central Adrenergic Regulation of Cerebral Microvascular
Permeability and Blood Flow; Anatomic and Physiologic
Evidence • 113
B.K. Hartman, L.W. Swanson, M.E. RaichZe,
S.H. Pre s korn, H.B. Clark
Central Adrenergic Regulation of Cerebral Microvascular
Permeability and Blood Flow: Pharmacologic Evidence • 127
S.H. Pre s korn, B.K. Hartman, M.E. Raichle,
L.W. Swanson, H.B. Clark
Ultrastructural and Histochemical Studies of Cerebral
Capillary Synapses 139
R.L. Suddith, K.E. Savage, H.M. Eisenberg
Cyclic Nucleotide Systems in the Microcirculation of
Mammalian Brain 147
G.C. Palmer, S.J. Palmer, R.B. Chronister
SECTION II: PERTURBATION OF THE BARRIER 163
Introduction • 165
Blood-Brain Barrier Transport During Anesthesia 167
E.M. Nemoto
Factors which Determine Cerebrovascular Permeability
in the Normal Brain and Following Osmotic Treatment 179
S.I. Rapoport
Endothelial and Astrocytic Cell Membranes in Relation
to the Composition of Cerebral Extracellular Fluid 193
J.J. Anders, K. Dorovini-Zis, M.W. Brightman
The Blood-Brain Barrier in Acute and Chronic
Hypertension • 211
B.B. Johansson
CONTENTS
Changes in the Cerebral Vasculature after Hypertension
and Trauma: A Combined Scanning and Transmission
Electron ~licroscopic Analysis 227
J.T. Povlishock, H.A. Xontos, E.P. Wei,
W.I. Rosenblum, D.P. Becker
Abnormalities of the Cerebral Microcirculation after
Traumatic Injury: The Relationship of Hypertension
and Prostaglandins 243
H.A. Xontos, W.D. Dietrich, E.P. Wei, E.F. Ellis,
J.T. Povlishock
Freeze Injury and Repair of Cerebral Microvesse1s 257
P.A. Cancilla, L.E. DeBault
Alterations in Cerebral Blood Flow Immediately after
Brief Periods of Stasis 271
E.G. Fischer
The Effect of Severe Hypoxia on Cerebral Glucose
Flux • 279
D.D. Gilboe, D. Costello, J.H. Fitzpatrick, Jr.
Behaviour of the Blood-Brain Barrier Toward Biogenic
Amines in Experimental Cerebral Ischemia • 295
H. Hervonen, o. Steinwall, M. Spatz, I. Klatzo
Changes in Blood-Brain Transfer Parameters Induced
by Hyperosmo1ar Intracarotid Infusion and by
Metastatic Tumor Growth 307
R.G. Blasberg, J. Gazendam, C.S. Patlak,
W.S. Shapiro, J.D. Fenstermacher
Normal and Altered Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and
Solute Movement Across the Cerebral Capillary
in Rat 321
M. Pollay, A. Stevens
Index
337