The Celtic World PDF
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THE CELTIC WORLD .... - - THE CELTIC WORLD .... - - Edited by J. Miranda Green London and New York First published 1995 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN First published in paperback in 1996 Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016 Reprinted 1996 Transferred to Digital Printing 2005 Routledge is an International Compa'!} © 1995, 1996 Selection and editorial matter, Miranda J. Green © 1995, 1996 Individual chapters, the contributors Typeset in Stempel Garamond by Florencetype Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-415-05764-7 (hbk) ISBN 0-415-14627-5 (Pbk) CONTENTS ..... -- -- List of illustrations VIII List of contributors xv Preface XXI Miranda J. Green PART I: CELTIC ORIGINS I Introduction: who were the Celts? 3 Miranda]. Green 2 The Early Celts: the evidence of language 8 D. Ellis Evans 3 The Celts through classical eyes 21 David Rankin PART II: WARRIORS AND WARFARE 4 The army, weapons and fighting 37 J.N. G. and w.F. Ritchie 5 Fortifications and defence 59 Ian Ralston PART III: SOCIETY AND SOCIAL LIFE 6 Power, politics and status Timothy Champion 7 Appearance, life and leisure 95 Glenys Lloyd-Morgan 8 Celts and Romans: towards a Romano-Celtic society 121 Barry C. Burnham PART IV: SETTLEMENT AND ENVIRONMENT 9 People and nature in the Celtic world 145 Martin Bell v - Contents - 10 The first towns John Collis I I Rural life and farming Peter J. Reynolds PART V: THE ECONOMY 12 Resources and industry 213 Peter S. Wells 13 Trade and exchange 230 Peter S. Wells 14 Coinage 244 Daphne Nash Briggs I 5 Celtic seafaring and transport 254 Sean McGrail PART VI: TECHNOLOGY AND CRAFTSMANSHIP 16 The technology of metalwork: bronze and gold Peter Northo'l.Jer 17 Ironworking in the Celtic world 310 w.H. Manning 18 Wood and the wheelwright 321 Stuart Piggott 19 The art of the potter Alex Gibson PART VII: THE ART OF THE CELTS 20 The nature and function of Celtic art 345 Ruth and Vincent M egaw 2 I The social implications of Celtic art: 600 Be to AD 600 Martyn Jope 22 Jewellery and adornment 41 I Sara Champion PART VIII: PAGAN CELTIC RELIGION 23 Ritual and the druids Anne Ross 24 Sanctuaries and sacred places 445 Jane Webster 25 The gods and the supernatural Miranda J. Green 26 Burial and the Otherworld Gerald A. Wait VI - Contents - PART IX: THE CELTS IN EUROPE 27 The Celts in Italy 515 Otto-Herman Frey 28 The Celts in Spain 533 Majolie Lenerz-de Wilde 29 The Celts in France 552 Olivier Biichsenschiitz 30 Celts of eastern Europe Elizabeth Jerem 31 Celts and Germans in the Rhineland Colin Wells PART X: ON THE EDGE OF THE WESTERN WORLD 32 The Celtic Britons under Rome Graham Webster 33 Ireland: a world without the Romans Barry Raftery 34 The early Celts in Scotland Euan W. MacKie 35 The early Celts in Wales Jeffrey L. Davies PART XI: CELTIC BRITAIN POST AD 400 36 Language and society among the Insular Celts 400-1000 Thomas Charles-Edwards 37 Early Christianity and its monuments 737 Mark Redknap 38 Mythology and the oral tradition: Ireland 779 Proinsias Mac Cana 39 Mythology and the oral tradition: Wales Sioned Davies PART XII: THE SURVIVAL OF THE CELTS 40 Language and identity in modern Wales 795 Wynne Lloyd 41 The Celtic languages today Glanville Price Index VII ILLUSTRATIONS --._.-- 0.1 Territories occupied by Celts XXIV 4.1 Gaulish chieftains 39 4.2 La Gorge Meillet, Marne 41 4·3 Warrior panoply 45 4·4 Warrior burial 50 5-l Rampart lines relative to topography 62 p Multiple built faces of murus duplex construction 63 5-3 Variant usages of wood in iron age defences 65 5·4 Vitrified wall experiment at Aberdeen 67 5-5 Southern ramparts at Maiden Castle, Dorset 69 5.6 Aerial photo of Durn Hill, near Portsoy, Scotland 70 5·7 Reconstruction model of timber-built defences, Mont Boubier, Belgium 72 5.8 Aerial photo of Tap 0' Noth, Grampian Region, Scotland 73 5·9 Aerial photo of Ness of Bargi promontory fort and blockhouse, Shetland Islands, Scotland 74 5.10 Aerial photo of La Chaussee Tirancourt, Somme, France 77 7.1 The Dying Gaul and his wife 96 7.2 Ie Guerrier de Grezan 97 7·3 Celtic warrior 99 7·4 Distance slab from Bridgeness, West Lothian 100 7·5 Lindow Man 102 7.6 Head of a young girl 105 7·7 La Tene III period rich burial 107 7.8 Recreation of a scene from the sub-Roman period 108 7·9 Iron age chariot burial 109 7.10 Castor-ware beaker with hunting scene 110 8.1 Reconstruction of third-century Silchester 122 8.2 Aerial photo of courtyard villa complex, Warfusee-Abencourt, Picardy 123 8·3 Relief of Mercury and Rosmerta, Gloucester 125 8·4 Native resistance or romanization? 127 8·5 Rural settlement in the Nene valley 128 8.6 Introductions and innovations in British agriculture 130 vIn - Illustrations - 8·7 Percentages of ox, sheep/goat and pig bones from Roman sites in Britain 137 9.1 Vegetation types in Europe 2,000 years ago 148 9.2 Woodland clearance in northern England IF 10.1 Location of sites mentioned by Julius Caesar in Gaul 160 10.2 The oppidum of Manching 162 10·3 Villeneuve-Saint-Germain, Soissons, showing dividing ditches 166 10·4 Villeneuve-Saint-Germain, Soissons, showing palisaded enclosures 167 10·5 Defended sites larger than 30 ha of the second to first century Be 171 10.6 Generalized plan showing density of traded Mediterranean objects in central and western Europe 172 10·7 Distribution of leather and textile working from Manching 173 11.1 Replica of Donneruplund ard 178 11.2 Rock carving of cattle pulling ard, Bohuslan, Sweden 181 11.3 Butser Ancient Farm, nr Chohon, Hampshire 184 11.4 Emmer wheat at harvest time 186 11.5 Four-post overhead granaries under construction 193 11.6 Round-house at Pimperne Down 196 12.1 Principal sites mentioned in Chapters 12 and 13 214 12.2 Distribution of late iron age grindstones in northern Bohemia 215 12·3 Distribution of graphite-clay pottery and of graphite-clay 217 12·4 Manufactured goods, Grave 35, Steinbichl cemetery, Manching, Bavaria 219 12·5 Cooking pot and jars, Manching 221 12.6 Manufactured goods, Grave I, Steinbichl cemetery 222 13.1 Distribution of Greek amphorae on the shores of the Mediterranean 232 13.2 Distribution of Etruscan bronze Schnabelkannen 233 13·3 Distribution of late La Tene painted pottery 235 13·4 Distribution of implements used in minting coins 237 15.1 Atlantic Europe 255 15.2 Gold model boat from Diirrnberg 256 IH Gold model boat from Broighter 257 15·4 Relief of boat on monument 258 15-5 Coin of Cunobelin 259 15.6 Model of Hasholme boat 262 15·7 Zwammerdam barge during excavation 268 15.8 Blackfriars boat I during excavation 270 15·9 Cross-Channel trade routes 275 17.1 Iron artefacts from deposit at Llyn Cerrig Bach, Anglesey 316 18.1 Reconstruction model of chariot 326 19.1 Pottery of middle bronze age Deverel-Rimbury tradition 329 19.2 Early bronze age food vessel 331 19·3 Burnishing marks 333 19·4 Scoring, incision and tooling on iron age vessels 335 19·5 Fingertip impressions, tooling and dot-stabs 336 19.6 Impressions and incisions of varying types on vessels 337 IX
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