The Cell Biology of Fertilization

400 Pages·1989·9.911 MB·English

by  Heide Schatten (Eds.)

CELL BIOLOGY: A Series of Monographs
EDITORS
D. E. Buetow I. L. Cameron
Department of Physiology Department of Anatomy
and Biophysics The University of Texas
University of Illinois Health Science Center at San Antonio
Urbana, Illinois San Antonio, Texas
G. M. Padilla A. M. Zimmerman
Department of Physiology Department of Zoology
Duke University Medical Center University of Toronto
Durham, North Carolina Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Recently published volumes
Ian R. Brown (editor). MOLECULAR APPROACHE TSO NEUROBIOLOGY, 1982
Henry C. Aldrich and John W. Daniel (editors). CELL BIOLOGY OF PHYSAR UM AND DIDYMIUM.
Volume I: Organisms, Nucleus, and Cell Cycle ,1982; Volume II: Differentiation, Metabolism, and
Methodology, 1982
John A. Heddle (editor). MUTAGENICITY: New Horizons in Genetic Toxicology, 1982
Potu N. Rao, Rober tT. Johnson, and Karl Sperling (editors). PREMATURE CHROMOSOME CON-
DENSATION: Application in Basic, Clinical, and Mutation Research, 1982
George M. Padilla and Kenneth S. McCarty, Sr. (editors). GENETIC EXPRESSION IN THE CELL
CYCLE, 1982
David S. McDevitt (editor). CELL BIOLOGY OF THE EYE, 1982
P. Michael Conn (editor). CELLULAR REGULATION OF SECRETION AND RELEASE, 1982
Govindjee (editor). PHOTOSYNTHESIS, Volume I: Energy Conversion by Plants and Bacteria, 1982;
Volume II: Development, Carbon Metabolism, and Plant Productivity, 1982
John Morrow. EUKARYOTIC CELL GENETICS, 1983
John F. Hartmann (editor). MECHANISM AND CONTRO LOF ANIMAL FERTILIZATION, 1983
Gary S. Stein and Jane tL. Stein (editors). RECOMBINANT DNA AND CELL PROLIFERATION,
1984
Prasad S. Sunkara (editor). NOVEL APPROACHE STO CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY, 1984
Burr G. Atkinson and David B. Waiden (editors). CHANGES IN EUKARYOTIC GENE EXPRESSION
IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS, 1985
Reginald M. Gorczynski (editor). RECEPTORS IN CELLULAR RECOGNITION AND DEVELOP-
MENTAL PROCESSES, 1986
Govindjee, Jan Amesz, and David Charles Fork (editors). LIGHT EMISSION BY PLANTS AND BAC-
TERIA, 1986
Peter B. Moens (editor). MEIOSIS, 1987
Robert A. Schlegel, Margaret S. Halleck ,and Potu N. Rao (editors). MOLECULAR REGULATION OF
NUCLEAR EVENTS IN MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS, 1987
Monique C. Braude and Arthur M. Zimmerman (editors). GENETIC AND PERINATAL EFFECTS OF
ABUSED SUBSTANCES, 1987
E. J. Rauckman and George M. Padilla (editors). THE ISOLATED HEPATOCYTE: USE IN TOXI-
COLOGY AND XENOBIOTIC BIOTRANSFORMATIONS, 1987
Heide Schatten and Gerald Schatten (editors). THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF FERTILIZATION,
1989
Heide Schatten and Gerald Schatten (editors). THE CELL BIOLOGY OF FERTILIZATION, 1989
In preparation
Mary P. Moyer and George Poste (editors). COLON CANCER CELLS, 1989
Anwar Nasim, Paul Young ,and Byron F. Johnson (editors). MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE FISSION
YEAST, 1989
The Cell Biology of Fertilization
Edited by
Heide Schatten
Integrated Microscopy Resource for Biomedical Research
The University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison, Wisconsin
Gerald Schatten
Integrated Microscopy Resource for Biomedical Research
The University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison, Wisconsin
®
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COPYRIGHT © 1989 BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The Cell biology of fertilization / edited by Heide Schatten, Gerald
Schatten.
p. cm. — (Cell biology)
Includes bibliographies and index.
Companion v. to: The Molecular biology of fertilization / edited
by Heide Schatten, Gerald Schatten. 1989
ISBN 0-12-622590-7 (alk. paper)
1. Fertilization. 2. Spermatozoa—Motility. 3. Embryology.
I. Schatten, Heide. II. Schatten, Gerald. III. Molecular biology
of fertilization. IV. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Fertilization. 2. Germ Cells—physiology. 3. Molecular
Biology. QH 485 C393]
QP273.C45 1988
591.3'2-dcl9
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 88-10515
CIP
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
89 90 91 92 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To our predecessors and successors . . .
Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
Harald Biessmann (189), Developmental Biology Center, University of
California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92717
Ivan L. Cameron (319), Department of Cellular and Structural Biology,
The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San
Antonio, Texas 78229
Joseph A. Dent (63), Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Develop-
mental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
80309
David Epel (361), Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University,
Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, California 93950
Mathias Hafner1 (341), Institute of Cell and Tumor Biology, German Cancer
Research Center, D-6900 Heidelberg 1, Federal Republic of Germany
Laurinda A. Jaffe (297), Department of Physiology, The University of
Connecticut Health Center, School of Medicine, Farmington, Con-
necticut 06032
Michael W. Klymkowsky (63), Department of Molecular, Cellular, and
Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder,
Colorado 80309
Ismail Kola (277), Centre for Early Human Development, Monash Medical
Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168
Henry Lardy (29), Institute for Enzyme Research, The University of Wis-
consin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
Frank J. Longo (105), Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
R. J. Lye (139), Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental
Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309
Present address: Knoll AG, 6700 Ludwigshafen, Federal Republic of Germany
xiii
xiv Contributors
Daniel Mazia (165), Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford Univer-
sity, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, California 93950
J. R. Mcintosh (139), Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Develop-
mental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
80309
Neidhard Paweletz (165), Institute of Cell and Tumor Biology, German
Cancer Research Center, D-6900 Heidelberg 1, Federal Republic of
Germany
Christian Petzelt (341), Institute of Cell and Tumor Biology, German Can-
cer Research Center, D-6900 Heidelberg 1, Federal Republic of Germany
M. E. Porter (139), Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental
Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309
Randall Prather (225), Integrated Microscopy Resource for Biomedical
Research, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706
Hans Ris (41), Department of Zoology, The University of Wisconsin-
Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
Thomas M. Roberts (41), Department of Biological Science, The Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
Jovenal San Agustin (29), Institute for Enzyme Research, The University
of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
Robert W. Schackmann (3), Department of Biology, The University of
Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
Gerald Schatten (225), Integrated Microscopy Resource for Biomedical
Research, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706
Heide Schatten (225), Integrated Microscopy Resource for Biomedical Re-
search, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706
J. M. Scholey (139), Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental
Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309,
and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Jewish
Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, Colorado
80206
Sol Sepsenwol (41), Department of Biology, The University of Wisconsin-
Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481
Bennett M. Shapiro (251), Department of Biochemistry, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
Calvin Simerly (225), Integrated Microscopy Resource for Biomedical Re-
search, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706
Contributors XV
Cynthia E. Somers (251), Department of Biochemistry, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
Stephen Strieker (225), Integrated Microscopy Resource for Biomedical
Research, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706
Alan Trounson (277), Centre for Early Human Development, Monash
Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168
Paul R. Turner (297), Department of Zoology, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
Marika F. Walter (189), Developmental Biology Center, University of
California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92717
Peggy J. Weidman (251), Department of Biochemistry, Princeton Uni-
versity, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
Arthur M. Zimmerman (319), Department of Zoology, University of To-
ronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A1
Selma Zimmerman (319), Division of Natural Sciences, Glendon College,
York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M6
Preface
The origins of cell and molecular biology are rooted firmly in studies on
fertilization. Those familiar with the classic monograph of Ε. B. Wilson (1928),
'The Cell in Development and Heredity," will recognize that almost all of
the central and still challenging problems in cell and molecular biology were
investigated first in a developmental system, often an invertebrate gamete or
embryo. Experimental manipulations of eggs from lower vertebrates, especially
amphibians, expanded the conclusions derived from these fertilization studies.
Moreover, the recent advances in routinely reliable methods for in vitro fer-
tilization and embryo culture of mammalian oocytes, including those from
humans, coupled with the power of molecular probes are resulting in conclu-
sions with important and often surprising implications for cell and molecular
biology.
While the fields of cell and molecular biology have profited from fertilization
as a model system for detailed investigations, understanding of the fertilization
process has advanced correspondingly owing to this scrutiny as well as to
the relative ease of designing experimental approaches. Indeed, the availability
of sophisticated methods and probes is generating considerable new knowledge
about the mechanisms accounting for gamete formation, recognition and fu-
sion, reinitiation of the egg's metabolism, blocks to polyspermy, and cyto-
skeletal and motility events, as well as the changes in the pronuclei which
permit syngamy and the activation of new gene expression.
The goal of 'The Cell Biology of Fertilization" and its companion volume
4The Molecular Biology of Fertilization" is to bring together reviews from
leading laboratories in which various aspects of the fertilization process are
studied. An assortment of experimental approaches is presented, using meth-
ods of cell biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, biophysics, enzymology,
and immunology. Though our goal was to solicit articles on exciting research
areas, a diversity of animal models is considered. Representatives from five
xvii
xviii Preface
invertebrate phyla are presented, including nematodes, clams, insects, asci-
dians, and the classic sea urchin. Amphibians and mammals are the best
understood vertebrates, and it is encouraging that a diversity of mammals are
now being explored. The articles consider the familiar mouse, rat, and hamster
models, and also inquire about the fertilization process in farm animals, in-
cluding pigs, sheep, and the Wisconsin favorite, the cow, as well as the animal
with consequential clinical and ethical considerations, humans.
The chapters cover various aspects of fertilization as studied from different
points of view by various authors. These chapters summarize work at varying
levels of organization. In many cases we asked the contributors to restrict
themselves to studies of one particular problem or with a specific approach.
The authors were asked to include an overview of the field, to review recent
and active research in their own laboratories, and to describe the conclusions
in a manner which would be readily understood by a broad range of biologists,
including those just beginning studies of fertilization as well as those in allied
areas. They were encouraged to speculate on the future directions of fertil-
ization research and to contribute new and unpublished material. We anticipate
that these volumes will provide background and perspectives into research
on fertilization that will be of use to a broad range of scientists, including
advanced students interested in fundamental cell and molecular processes,
cell biologists, molecular biologists, developmental biologists, geneticists,
biochemists, biophysicists, and reproductive biologists.
Each book is subdivided into three sections. 4The Cell Biology of Fertil-
ization" first considers sperm behavior and motility. Part II reviews aspects
of egg architecture, ranging from extracellular remodeling, through cortical
and cytoskeletal structure, to the organization of the nuclei which participate
in fertilization and embryogenesis. Part III evaluates the regulatory ions in-
volved in egg activation as well as the manner in which the sperm initiates
this cascade of events. Its companion volume 4'The Molecular Biology of
Fertilization" begins with a series of chapters on the molecules involved in
sperm-egg recognition and binding. Part II explores pronuclear formation,
activation, and the cytoskeletal events resulting in syngamy and cell cycle
progression. Part III covers oncogenes, gene expression, and nuclear deter-
mination at fertilization and during embryogenesis. It is our hope that these
books will provide the reader with a deeper appreciation of the present state
of knowledge and the future directions for cellular and molecular investigations
on fertilization, which is the critical event bridging our discontinuity in gen-
erations.
We are indebted to the Cell Biology series editors, Drs. Dennis Buetow,
Ivan Cameron, George Padilla, and Arthur Zimmerman for cheerfully an-
swering a myriad of questions and providing helpful advice. We are grateful
Preface XÎX
for the thoughtful and timely contributions by the authors. Finally, we would
like to extend a word of thanks to their funding agencies around the world,
without whose support basic biomedical research would be seriously endan-
gered. We thank Ms. Gina Hellenbrand for superb and tireless assistance.
Heide Schatten
Gerald Schatten