The Cell. A Molecular Approach

2007·123.52 MB·English

lHECELL
A Molecular Approach, Fourth Edition
Companion Website
www.sinauer.com/ cooper
The student website that accompanies The Cell, Fourth Edition is an invaluable tool that can help you master
the material presented in the textbook through a variety of interactive resources. This robust site is available
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to you free of charge, and features a wealth of study and review material coupled with multimedia content.
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THE COMPANION WEBSITE FEATURES THE FOLLOWING RESOURCES:
• Online quiues that test your comprehension • Micrographs that illustrate cellular structures
of each chapter (instructor registration required) and components
• Problem sets that help you apply your • Web links for further study and research
knowledge
• Chapter summaries for a quick review of each
• Narrated animations of key concepts and chapter
processes described in the textbook
• Complete glossary for easy access to
• Videos showing cellular processes in action definitions of terms
Website Animations
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~ WEBSITE ANIMATION Throughout the book, you will see small boxes in the margins that refer to
""' specific website animations that are relevant to the topic being discussed.
Heavy-Chain Genes
·.~ , Below is the full list of animations and the page on which they are refer
During B cell development, site
enced. On the website, you can go directly to any animation by entering the
specific recombination joins regions of
the immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes. animation number (e.g., 116.4") into the 11Book Link" box at the top of the
leading to the production of unique page, and then pressing Enter. The website also contains videos, quizzes,
immunoglobulin heavy chains.
problems, and other resources that are not listed here.
ANIMATION PAGE ANIMATION PAGE
1.1 • Cell Fractionation ______ 30 8.1 • Translation --------· 319
1.1 • Bond Formation 43 10.1 • Organization ofthe Golgi 411
1.1 • Passive transport 64 11.1 • From Proplastid to Chloroplast __ 458
3.1 • Catalysts and Activation Energy __ 74 11.1 • The Light Reactions 461
3.1 • Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions 75 11.1 • Assembly of an Actin Filament __ 474
3.3 • Glycolysis 84 11.1 • A Thin Filament 492
3.4 • The Citric Acid Cycle ______ 86 11.3 • Microtubule Assembly----· 507
3.5 • The Calvin Cycle 92 11.4 • Kinesin 512
4.1 • Avery,Macleod,&McCarty 107 13.1 • A Chemical Synapse 547
4.1 • Bacterial Transformation 108 13.1 • The Sodium-Potassium Pump __ 552
4.3 • The ~~central Dogma" 113 13.3 • Endocytosis 557
4.4 • DNA Mutations 114 13.4 • Clathrin-Coated Pits and Vesicles 558
4.5 • HIV Reproduction 116 15.1 • Signaling by Secreted Molecules 600
4.6 • Restriction Endonucleases 118 15.1 • Signal Transduction 611
4.7 • Recombinant DNA Molecules 121 15.3 • Signal Amplification 619
4.8 • Sequencing a DNA Strand 126 16.1 • Phases ofthe Cell Cycle 650
4.9 • Polymerase Chain Reaction 131 16.1 • Embryonic Cell Cycles 651
4.10 • Nucleic Acid Hybridization 131 16.3 • Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle 655
4.11 • Southern Blotting 132 16.4 • Cyclins, Cdks, and the Cell Cycle _ 661
4.11 • Colony Hybridization 133 16.5 • Mitosis in an Animal Cell 670
4.13 • Monoclonal Antibodies 136 16.6 • Cytokinesis in Higher Plants _ 678
5.1 • Chromatin and Chromosomes __ 166 16.7 • Meiosis 679
6.1 • DNA Replication Fork 209 16.8 • Meiosis I and Mitosis Compared __ 679
6.1 • Homologous Recombination 229 16.9 • Prophase I of Meiosis 680
6.3 • Light-Chain Genes 234 16.10 • Polar Body Formation 683
6.4 • Heavy-Chain Genes _____ 234 17.1 • Apoptosis --------· 691
7.1 • Transcription 257 18.1 • Metastasis of a Cancer 724
7.1 • RNA Processing 290 18.1 • Density-Dependent Inhibition 725
THE CELL
A Molecular Approach
FOURTH EDITION
-
A Molecular Approach
FOURTH EDITION
GEOFFREY M. COOPER • ROBERT E. HAUSMAN
Boston University
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ASM Press ASM t Sinauer Associates, Inc.
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Washington, D.C. Sunderland, Massachusetts
PRESS
The cover
The cover illustrates the growth and maturation of blood cells. A cell
extending processes is shown in the lower right and a cell undergoing
apoptosis is in the lower left.
The art.ist
Chris Bickel is a professional medical illustrator residing near
Washington, D.C. He specializes in visualizing and animating molecular
and cellular biology.
The Cell: A Molecular Approach, Fourth Edition
Copyright© 2007 by Geoffrey M. Cooper. All rights reserved.
This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part without permission.
Address editorial correspondence to ASM Press, c/o The American Society
for Microbiology, 1752 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 U.S.A.
Address orders and requests for examination copies to Sinauer Associates,
Inc., P.O. Box 407, 23 Plumtree Road, Sunderland, MA 01375 U.S.A.
Phone: [phone]
FAX: [phone]
email: [email protected]
www.sinauer.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cooper, Geoffrey M.
The cell: a molecular approach I Geoffrey M. Cooper, Robert E.
Hausman. - 4th ed.
p.; ern.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-87893-219-1 (Sinauer Associates: hardcover)
ISBN-10: 0-87893-219-4 (Sinauer Associates : hardcover)
1. Cytology. 2. Molecular biology. I. Hausman, Robert E.,
1947- . II. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Cells. 2. Cytology. 3. Molecular Biology.
QU 300 C776c 2007]
QH581.2.C66 2007
571.6-dc22
2006012935
Printed in U.S.A.
5432
This book is dedicated to
Florence Haseltine, with thanks
for having taught me how
to do my first experiment.
G.M.C.
Brief Contents
PART I INTRODUCTION 1
1 An Overview of Cells and Cell Research 3
2 The Composition of Cells 43
l Cell Metabolism 73
4 Fundamentals of Molecular Biology 103
PART II THEFLOWOFGENETICINFORMATION 153
5 The Organization and Sequences of Cellular Genomes 155
6 Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA 201
7 RNA Synthesis and Processing 253
8 Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation 309
PART Ill CELLSTRUCTUREANDFUNCTION 353
9 The Nucleus 355
10 Protein Sorting and Transport: The Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus,
and Lysosomes 385
11 Bioenergetics and Metabolism: Mitochondria, Chloroplasts,
and Peroxisomes 433
12 The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement 473
11 The Plasma Membrane 529
14 Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions 569
PART IV CELL REGULATION 597
15 Cell Signaling 599
16 The Cell Cycle 649
17 Cell Death and Cell Renewal 689
18 Cancer 719
Contents
Preface xiv
Organization and Features of The Cell xvi
Media and Supplements to Accompany The Cell xviii
Introduction
PART
1
Viruses 36 Global Analysis of Protein Localization 68
• KEY EXPERIMENT Animal Cell Protein Interactions 69
Culture 35 • KEY EXPERIMENT The Folding of
An Overview of Cells • MOLECULAR MEDICINE Viruses Polypeptide Chains 54
and Cancer 37 • KEY EXPERIMENT The Structure
and Cell Research 3
Summary and Key Terms 39 of Cell Membranes 59
Questions 41 Summary and Key Terms 70
Tbe Origin and Evolution of Cells 4
References and Further Reading 41 Questions 71
The First Cell 4
References and Further Reading 71
The Evolution of Metabolism 7 2
Present-Day Prokaryotes 8
3
Eukaryotic Cells 9
The Origin of Eukaryotes 10
The Composition
The Development of Multicellular
Cell Metabolism 73
Organisms 12 of Cells 43
Cells as Experimental Models 16
The Central Role of Enzymes as
E. coli 16 The Molecules of Cells 43
Biological Catalysts 73
Yeasts 17 Carbohydrates 44
The Catalytic Activity of Enzymes 73
Caenorhabditis elegans 17 Lipids 46
Mechanisms of Enzymatic Catalysis 74
Drosophila melanogaster 18 Nucleic Acids 50
Coenzymes 78
Arabidopsis thaliana 19 Proteins 52
Regulation of Enzyme Activity 79
Vertebrates 19 Cell Membranes 58
Metabolic Energy 81
Tools of Cell Biology 11 Membrane Lipids 60
Free Energy and ATP 81
Light Microscopy 21 Membrane Proteins 61
The Generation of ATP from Glucose 84
Electron Microscopy 27 Transport across Cell Membranes 63
The Derivation of Energy from Other
Subcellular Fractionation 30 Proteomics: Large-Scale Analysis Organic Molecules 89
Growth of Animal Cells in Culture 33 of Cell Proteins 65 Photosynthesis 90
Culture of Plant Cells 36 Identification of Cell Proteins 65